Transformative Leadership

Transformative Leadership in a Nonprofit Organization Yulanda Harris EDD8100 – Foundations of Educational Leadership and Management 1 April 21, 2013 Capella University Abstract A transformative leader is a leader who can bring about influential change in others. These leaders not only transform essential change, they change the way we think and act. Transformative leaders create practices and processes in organizations proactively. In addition, transformative leaders can be found at different levels in an organization.They can hold the title ranging from supervisor to executive director. This essay primarily focuses on the challenges faced by the Training & Development (T&D) Specialist, who is capable of helping to make essential changes and encourage transformational leadership at Presbyterian Villages of Michigan (PVM). Introduction The purpose of nonprofit organizations is to offer programs and services to assist the public. Presbyterian Villages of Michigan (PVM) is a fait h-based, nonprofit organization.PVM offers quality senior living housing and services, offering a wide range of residential service options including apartments, condominiums, assisted living, and skilled nursing care (Presbyterian Villages of Michigan, 2013). The ideal leadership style is that of a Servant Leader. According to Robert Greenleaf, servant leadership is a philosophy and set of practices that enriches the lives of individuals, builds better organizations and ultimately creates a more just and caring world (Greenleaf, 1991).In contrast or a more similarity practice, transformative leadership can transform organizational culture and influence job satisfaction of the employees. However, the supervisors and managers appear to be disengaged or a gap presents itself within the organization. Therefore, it was necessary to begin the journey of conducting research within the organization. As in the case of action research according to Joe Donaldson, the T&D specialist must have a particular perspective about what is going on within the organization (Donaldson & Francis, 2013). Developing Transformative Managers and SupervisorsTransforming the managers and supervisors is an ongoing process primarily because he or she have not had any formal training on leadership. Typically as adult learners, we bring knowledge, skills, and abilities from previous experiences to the learning environment (Wainright, York & Woodward, 2012). However, concerning the managers and supervisors at PVM they have very little experience of leadership to bring into the learning environment. They are very familiar with process and procedures therefore; this is what was predicated on their promotional opportunities with the organization.In other words they were promoted into their role base on their performance. However, they lack knowledge in the area focusing on behavioral matters and how to coach or develop the line staff. To begin the process of developing transformative leaders, the T&D specialist uses the ADDIE methodology to complete a valuation of the training needs of the organization to determine if training is the best result to address the issues of the lack of leadership among the managers and supervisors.It is critical to begin the process by asking questions that will develop their ability to initiate and manage change in their department along with developing creative approaches to support strong team leadership and growth. This will allow the managers and supervisors build cohesion among each other and improve upon organizational efficiency. The following are questions that are asked during the analysis phase utilizing the ADDIE methodology. 1. What motivations you to lead a team? 2. What are some challenges you have faced as a manager or supervisor? 3. How would you describe your leadership style? . What leadership characteristics do you value about yourself? 5. What challenges do you face in your day-to-day operations with your employees? 6. How would you describe your decision-making process. For example, when your staff comes to you with a problem, how do you come to a solution? The above questions cited the importance of empowering others, inspiring others, delegation, collaboration, mentoring others. If managers and supervisors are to become transformative leaders they must answer those questions (Lansford, Clements, Falzon, Aish & Rogers, 2010).The goal is to have managers and supervisors feeling capable of reaching the right decisions independently with the goal of possessing their team to feel good about their contributions. Furthermore, the T&D specialist is ensuring the mission and values of the organization will affect the managers and supervisors thinking and management style. As a result they will transform organizational culture and inspire job satisfaction of the employees. The managers and supervisors will need to form a good example, self-confidence and understand needs of the staff.This means they can motiv ate the staff by their actions and words, in addition to ensuring their loyalty to PVM. As a result new training programs are created to develop strategies where new competencies are being taught. This will allow managers and supervisors gain valuable insights and find new opportunities to align their job or career satisfaction and performance with the organization’s outcomes and success (Wainright, York & Woodward, 2012). References: Presbyterian Villages of Michigan. (2013). Welcome to Presbyterian Villages of Michigan! Retrieved from www. pvm. org Greenleaf, R. K. (1991). The servant as leader.Indianapolis, IN: The Robert K. Greenleaf Center. [Originally published in 1970, by Robert K. Greenleaf]. Retrieved from http://www. greenleaf. org/ Donaldson, J. , & Francis, B. (2013). Converstion about research. Retrieved from www. capella. edu Wainright, C. , York, G. , & Woodward, B. (n. d. ). A transformative framework for. (2012). The Journal of Health Administration Education , 40-70. Lansford, M. , Clements, V. , Falzon, T. , Aish, D. , & Rogers, R. (n. d. ). Essential leadership traits of female executives in the non-profit sector. (2010). The Journal of Human Resource and Adult Learning, 6(1), 51-62.

The Success or Failure of Baz Luhrmann’s Movie, The Great Gatsby

Baz Luhrmann’s The Great Gatsby attempts to recreate the novel, but fails miserably. F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby is very different in meaning from Luhrmann’s filmic adaptation. The film, unlike the novel, makes Gatsby seem like a fool in love, and fails to show the idealism behind Gatsby’s dream. Baz Luhrmann’s The Great Gatsby attempts to recreate F. Scott Fitzgerald’s themes, but ends up failing miserably. The film tried to juggle too many themes at once, rather than focusing a couple crucial ones throughout the movie. The film was unable to convey the failure of the â€Å"American Dream† that Fitzgerald so aptly analyzed throughout his novel. Fitzgerald, unlike Luhrmann, was able to make the reader see that Gatsby’s vision (all of his wealth and grandeur had a purpose: to win over Daisy), which parallels the â€Å"American Dream† that many people strive for. The impossibility of this dream is keyed in on through the dialogue between Nick and Gatsby during Luhrmann’s film, but it does not even come close to achieving the same effect that Fitzgerald did in his novel. Luhrmann focuses on how Gatsby’s hope and determination to repeat the past in this one scene, but fails to tie this in throughout the movie. This important theme is forgotten by the end of the film because of how gaudily the film is stylized. The film may have accurately portrayed the imagery of the extravagant parties that Fitzgerald vividly described, but the glitzy diversions detract from the central themes. The disjointedness of the film, as a result of these distractions, cause the viewer to forget the content of the film. Luhrmann’s attention to the visual and musical aspects of the film prevented the film from exploring the themes that Fitzgerald was able to do by ensuring that the imagery served a greater purpose (not just to become a box office success in Luhrmann’s case). Also, the changes to Nick’s character are significant as it shifts the focus from Gatsby to Nick. Fitzgerald purposefully leaves Nick’s life ambiguous, but Luhrmann attempts to give Nick’s departure from the East an edge by turning him into a drunkard. By doing this, Luhrmann emphasizes the excesses of the time, and ends up

Marriage, Divorce and Childrens Adjustment Literature review

Marriage, Divorce and Childrens Adjustment - Literature review Example The next issue the title addresses is divorce and this is the core of the text book. The textbook will essential talk about divorce and how it affects the family in general. The next bit of the title addresses children and this is because the book is essentially talking of the effects of divorce on children and how it takes toll on their lives. The last bit of the title addresses adjustment and this is related to children after the divorce. In general the title is well phrased and tackles all the ideas that are presented in the book by showing us the logical flow of ideas as in what leads to what and who gets affected and the final outcome. Book titles are supposed to be informative and give the reader an idea about the book. The reader should be able to deduce what the book is talking about from the title. This is because the title is the first selling point of the book. The book begins with an editor’s introduction. The editor begins with an overview of the subject of child development expressing his views that the topic has attracted scholars in the field to examine it. The editor speaks of the problem of the state of the family institution in the United States speaking of the problems that it is facing and how they are affecting children. He goes ahead to mention the problem of divorce citing its far reaching consequences that it has had on children and adolescent development and thus necessitating a closer examination into the causes of some of the problems in marriage that lead to divorce and how children are affected and what can be done to ease the situation (Emery, 1999, pp. ix-x). The introduction has essentially given us a direction on the scope of the book as it tackles child development issues and how the family as a whole plays an important role in the development and well being of the child. So far in the introduction, various aspects are said to be covered in the text and the scope proposed by the editor does not present any limitations. The editor says that the book is part of a series of books in child development and says that various aspects have been covered in the previous book. Given the fact that this is a second edition means that the author has developed his ideas well and no aspect of the subject has been left behind. The preface helps to bring the message home by explaining the aspect of divorce and how it should be understood. The author picks the subject from a neutral point of view presenting his experiences and those of others and explaining that some of these aspects are multidisciplinary and should be looked at from various angles in order to get a better understanding. The table of contents in any book should be the guiding factor for the reader to easily get information from the book. The table of contents should have a simple flow that shows the development of ideas from one stage to another. This book has a well structured table of contents that has a chronological flow of ideas. The book has d ivided its contents into seven chapters. Chapter one presents an overview of divorce and various perspectives on children and divorce. Chapter two sets out by examining the cultural, historical, and demographic perspective of the issue of divorce and this is based on the United States (Emery, 1999, pp. 5-20). Chapter three presents research findings and shows the methodology that was used in conducting the research concerning divorce, marriage and children adjustment (Emery, 1999, pp. 21-30). Chapter four then looks at how children adjust after divorce and breaks them down into a number of problems that are individually addressed. It also looks at the issues that result in divorce such as intimacy and emotional problems (Emery, 1999, pp.

HRD Needs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

HRD Needs - Essay Example It maintains a state-of-the art website which provides customer interaction on a 24/7 basis. Recently, the organisation has signed a joint venture with a transportation and communication company whose business is also global. The company is still in its infant stage with respect to this new venture. The joint venture is a strategic move by the shareholders and stakeholders who have seen the progress and metamorphosis of the company, from a mere travel agency into a diverse and global organisation. However, the organisation is a consultant firm in terms of travel and tourism. The primary aim and objective of this organisation is to promote international tourism and provide assistance to international tourists, promote tourism in different countries, and guide travelers and tourists to the different tourist and scenic spots, heritage sites and other places of human interest around the world. The organisation has been doing this for the past several decades, and it can be said that they are the leading tourist experts. It has maintained a network of tourist agencies and guides involving individuals, groups and governments worldwide. Its network is unmatched and its database is a collection of years of experience coupled with a management style and organisational governance which have made it a giant in the travel and tourism business. Government leaders and renowned personalities look up to the organisation and usually consult the management in the subject of places and peoples of diverse cultures. 2. Outline: (a) how human resource needs are generally identified and assessed in your organisation; and (b) what HR development opportunities are normally available in your organization. (a) The first that our organization does periodically is to conduct needs assessment. Needs assessment is done every six months, but there are times that managers and key personnel request an immediate needs assessment when situation demands. First, a team is formed to conduct a needs assessment. The team is composed of a manager, who is the team leader appointed by the Board. The members of the team are key personnel and experienced employees of the organization. The needs assessment may last for a few days to a week, and they submit their recommendation to the Board. Needs assessment also answers the questions: What are these changes, and why are there changes inside the organisation? What trigger or motivate these changes that need to be addressed directly by the management? What kind of training is needed, and what kind of training is available? Without the needs assessment, the organisation cannot go on with the other objectives of training and development and other projects or activities for the organisation. The importance of needs assessment to the organisation can be seen in light of the following benefits: a. Needs assessment involves studies and surveys. The collected data and information naturally become a valuable contribution to the organisation and their evaluation and preservation for training, employee development or performance appraisal. b. Needs assessment constitutes a continuous process in the organisation. c. Needs assessment is a coping mechanism for change. d. It provides the organisation a clear view of what is going on, for instance, the problems of employees are known, and

Understanding and Evaluating the Arts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Understanding and Evaluating the Arts - Essay Example fer to the visual arts, including painting, sculpture, architecture, photography, decorative arts, crafts, and other visual works that combine materials or forms. We also use the word art in a more general sense to encompass other forms of creative activity, such as dance, drama, and music, or even to describe skill in almost any activity, such as â€Å"the art of bread making† or â€Å"the art of travel.† In this article art refers to the visual arts.† Thus, relying on this definition, an investigation of the various art forms and mediums as made available via the internet ensues in an effort to apply the definition accordingly. To define â€Å"painting,† and randomly selecting from the many endless URLs available, it is the personal site of artist Jennifer Hauri, found at URL location http://www.jenniferhauri.com/?src=overture where the definition given above is used in an effort to describe the work of Hauri. First, Hauri’s site is different in that it begins with preparing the viewer’s mood by offering a soothing music and sound effects that only a trained ear might identify as being either the rainforest or the African jungle. Upon entering, it is a surprise to find that in the selection of Hauri’s work – belying her biographical information – is the category title â€Å"Afghani.† Right away statements appearing on the first page let the viewer know that Hauri’s work, mixed media of oil, acrylic, oil pastels and charcoal; are going to be an expression of the artist’s emotions. â€Å"Art is contemplation and an enjoyment of the mind that see ks to search nature and recreate it with a vision,† is but one of several thoughts that artist wants the viewer to be aware before entering the galleries. The first gallery, again, titled â€Å"Afghani,† is a compilation of works in various media depicting the artist’s interpretation of Afghanistan, the people, the Muslim. It stems from an emotional depth, expressing the artist’s perceptions in works

Latin America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Latin America - Essay Example In addition, thousands of people moved in to work on the projects, an aspect which further led to degraded environment and global warming. The subdivision of land led to reduced food, turning small holder’s farmers into peasants ( Hobbs, 2008). Mining areas degraded farming lands and destroyed the natural environment for micro-organisms. These developments were both for worse and better of the region. For worse, the natural environment had been destroyed and better, it lead to production of minerals which spurred economic growth. Initially, the entire Latin America was under colonial government which also had many interests in the region. It had an America based United Fruit company which functioned as a unifying factor in the region. The Company owned large tracts of land which covered or spilled in nearly all countries in Latin America. This means that Latin America during colonial time was actually treated like one region geographically ( Hobbs, 2008). As such, the company and thus, the United States had a lot of influence on the regional politics. However, local leaders started changing laws governing land. For instance, the president of Guatemala, Arbenz developed land reform laws that were actually seen as a threat to the existence or interests of the American Based Fruit company. The president did not stay for long; he was ousted in 1954 by a group supported by CIA. This aspect disorganized the politics of the region. In fact, some of the countries in the region have not been so stable in terms of leadership. They also play second fiddle to the US when it comes to international trade treaties. What is more, its institutions have lacked behind of because of the unstable leadership. For instance, Mexico only started maximizing its petroleum potential in 2003, despite having discovered the mineral in 1960 ( Hobbs, 2008). Personally, I think the challenges faced by the region were instigated or triggered by the colonial government. For instance, most of

Socrates and Euthyphro Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Socrates and Euthyphro - Essay Example The definition is erroneous as it fails to integrate the holistic description of holiness. Notably, other righteous deeds reveal a positive aspect of holiness than punishing offenders. On noticing this error, Socrates challenges him to elucidate a broader and better meaning of sanctity that is inclusive. After his realization of his mistake, lack of logical consistency, in the first definition, Euthyphro offers an updated version of his description that focuses on holiness from a godly point of view. In particular, he says that holiness is what the God approves. Therefore, â€Å"then  what is dear to the gods is holy,  and what is not dear to them is unholy†Ã‚  (pg.6, 5). Unfortunately, his explanation lacks clarity as it projects an assumption that gods agree on all things and disagree on nothing. Having noticed the fallacy, Socrates asks if the gods always agree on all things. At this point, Euthyphro realizes his mistakes and acknowledges that Gods offer a different opinion on various issues leading to quarrels amongst themselves. Consequently, Socrates gives him another him another chance to provide an improve definition of holiness. In his third attempt to define holiness, Euthyphro describes piety as what is loved by all the gods. Specifically, he asserts that the Holy is what all the gods love, and whatever the gods hate, is unholy. He states that  Ã¢â‚¬Å"the holy is what all the gods love,  and that the opposite,  what all the gods hate is unholy† (pg.10. 3). Similarly, the logical fallacy appears, as he does not offer a comprehensive explanation for defining the true nature of consecration. Notably, his description lacks an essential element of what makes something holy. Having noticed the logical inconsistency, Socrates challenged Euthyphro to substantiate if something is holy because the gods approve it, or the holiness of something makes the gods approve

Societal Views On The Role Of Women Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Societal Views On The Role Of Women - Essay Example One would suggest that the actions of these women throughout the two works might have come to hurt their societies because had all the women in these societies acted as they did, then it is likely that the entire social order might have collapsed. Nevertheless, this did not happen and in the case of Sula, she was looked upon as a reference by other members of the society and her example ensured that all the people live moral lives so that they could not end up like her. Despite this, after her death, it is noted that the society of The Bottom quickly disintegrated into one of chaos. Hedda is a woman who believes in the beauty and freedom and does not believe in abiding by the constraints placed on individuals by their societies. It is for this reason that she chooses to convince Lovborg to commit suicide as a means of ensuring that he does not remain a rival to her husband. However, after Lovborg does indeed commit suicide, and her actions are discovered by Judge Brack, she confesses her view of life and her weaknesses to him. However, knowing that Brack might potentially be capable of blackmailing her as long as she is alive, she chooses to commit suicide. She shows her strictly independent spirit and her need to ensure that she retains her freedom no matter the cost. Therefore, both Hedda and Sula are extremely strong and independent women who do not bow to societal conventions and instead live their lives as they want. Their actions are those of women who yearn for the freedoms that the men in their societies enjoy.

BUSINESS LAW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

BUSINESS LAW - Essay Example Legislation is the only solution to face the challenging situation. In fact, Law is de jure and is applied by a country to regulate the relationship between its people, government and business. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., in his great law book, The Common Law (1881) states: "The life of the law has not been logic; it has been experience". This contradicts English jurist Sir Edward Coke's observation that 'logic is the life of the law'. The legal system of Australia is governed by common law developed by case laws and precedents, and included in it are equity law and a little of statute law. Based on Grew (2002), the legal system of Australia has two sources. The first one is the parliament that is legislation, and the other is the judicial courts that are responsible for case laws. Legislations are created by parliament and the courts put forward the law by means of precedents. Here, in this essay, we analyze the strength and weaknesses of common law and legislation along with the role of courts and legislature in regulating the contemporary business practices. Common law has its roots of development in England from 1066. It is an unenacted law written by judges in judgments or case law decisions (Latimar, 2007, p.4). In Australia the judges decide a case based on past decisions taken in a similar case. This method tends to be consistent and authentic as many cases have been decided in the past in a similar way. The doctrine of precedent is based on this concept that when cases are decided based on past decisions, the judgment is consistent. The lower courts are bound to follow the higher courts and this leads to treating the case under similar circumstances in the same way as it was done before. 'The high court's decisions in passed cases, will have the lower courts legally bound' (Barron & Fletcher 2001 p30). When precedents are followed in deciding a case it allows the judges to reduce the time taken in passing a judgment. This is because the law is already applied in similar cases by taking into consideration the facts and the issuing of evidence, which makes the task of a judge easy. The doctrine of precedent is defined as 'The common law principle which binds a judge or a magistrate to follow previous similar decision of higher courts in the same hierarchy; also known as stare decisis' (Vickery & Pendleton 2006), which implies the decision stands. The precedents may be binding and persuasive precedents. It becomes binding 'ratio decidendi' when the closing decree or 'res judicata' is passed by the court on the affected parties, and has a legal consequence established on the central causes for the decision."Common law relies on precedent. However, precedent is an illogical and inefficient tool for the regal regulation of business. Legislation is much more effective in the regulation of modern business practices". This statement stands good in the modern day judgments. Even though common law is tailor made and easy to follow, it still has its own pitfalls. The major weakness of common law is that, the precedent followed in sensitive cases may not be relevant for the present case. Also it could limit the development of law. As common law depends on past cases and the society is changing rapidly so it is obvious that history may not repeat itself in the same way and under the same circumstances. It becomes very difficult

Self-evaluation (Telecommuting will be the new way that jobs are Essay

Self-evaluation (Telecommuting will be the new way that jobs are performed in the next ten years. Introduction ) - Essay Example This can act as detrimental to a section of people are not well educated or skilled to perform any other kind of jobs. (Piskurich, 2008, p.27) Another argument presented by this paper is that telecommuting can provide an employee the added advantage of selecting his/her own working environment and this can have both economic and social benefits. However, there is also a down side because it becomes the responsibility of the employee to pay the bills of electricity and heat of his own working environment and in most companies the employees are not reimbursed for these aspects. (Piskurich, 2008, p.22) The paper puts forward a third argument that telecommuting provides the employee the advantage of working from home. This can help the employee to spend more time with the family thus promoting family values and developing stronger family relations. However, this can be disadvantageous for the supervisors whose primary responsibility is to monitor the efficiency and productivity of their supervisees. The supervisors do not feel comfortable because they cannot physically see their supervisees on daily basis. If the supervision is done badly then telecommuting can further reduce its effectiveness, however it can increase supervision that is done well. There is also the problem of jealousy from colleagues as many people feel that telecommuters do not work in all working hours at home. There may be others who cannot take up telecommuting because of their nature of work. All these can arouse jealousy from colleagues. This working from home facility can have an added disadvantage for thos e companies which regularly face crisis as it causes lack of flexibility. In case of emergency when holding a meeting is required it becomes extremely difficult to bring all the employees together if majority of them work from home. Therefore telecommuting as a way of job is

Social Mention Defined Essay Example for Free

Social Mention Defined Essay Social Mention Social media is serves as an outlet for public relations practitioners to provide around the clock management for clients and publics. Cites like Facebook, Twitter and LinkedIn are just a few of the social media tools that are used to maintain relationships with publics and build brand names. The hassle of managing a variety of social media pages has produced the need for social media management tools. Social media management tools available are used to help further manage social media relationships and monitor success and failures of clients in social media. Social Mention is a management tool analyzes different content from a multitude of social media networks at one time. Public relations practitioners can use this tool to evaluate client’s relationships with publics on various social networks and measure their presence online. PR professionals utilize this tool to gauge the success of a brand, client, organization or product. This tool allows for quick and easy access to social media crisis management in order to maintain a positive image. Social Mention provides information such as the amount of users discussing a topic and what time of day a particular subject is being discussed. The tool provides in time reports covering what is going on at that exact moment in social media. Social Mention is a beneficial tool in the PR field. The tool provides reports describing categories such as strength, sentiment, passion and reach. Strength measures the possibility of a client being discussed in social media. The calculation for strength is simply the number of mentions of a keyword over the hours of a day. Sentiment determines the positive and negative ratio of a client referenced in social media. Passion is the measurement of how likely a client’s brand will be discussed repeatedly. Reach is the category that determines how many users the specific topic reaches and can potentially reach via social media. Reach is found by the number of authors referring to the specified word over the number of times it is mentioned. The different categories allow a user to tailor their image to improve positive popularity in social media. Social mention provides alerts to users e-mail accounts upon relevant updates regarding clients or brands of interest. Unfortunately, the updates only recognize keywords noted about a particular topic and disregard the context of the keywords. Therefore some notifications are unnecessary. Across the Internet PR practitioners take advantage of the benefits Social Mention has to offer. Bloggers rave about the efficiency and convenience of managing social networks all in one place. Healthy Choice launched a PR social media campaign based on the information gathered by Social Mention. The company used the feedback given on social networks to configure a campaign that would improve the Healthy Choice brand image in consumer’s minds. Once Healthy Choice improved social media relationships with its publics, social media involvement with the company skyrocketed. After offering a coupon on the Healthy Choice Facebook page, â€Å"likes† increased from under 10,000 to over 60,000. Social Mention helped Healthy Choice reach out to its publics and respond to their feedback. The data gathered from Social Mention provided Healthy Choice with the material it needed to increase the company’s popularity and improve the brand name.

Operations Of Rolls Royce Motor Cars

Operations Of Rolls Royce Motor Cars The main purpose of this report was to apply information systems and operations to the Rolls-Royce Motor Cars Limited. This report defines the companys operation, offers an input-transformation-output diagram of the operations system. Then it discusses the supply network and the flows in terms of physical and informational. And it identifies the major categories of ICT, E-business and information systems used and the influences on the operations. Rolls-Royce Motor Cars Limited is a system to gain resources from the environment to produce high-quality of motor cars to customers. For the sake of describing the primary, secondary, and tertiary divisions of the operation system, the systems method is applied to show every sub-system of the entire system. 1.0 Introduction In business world, the focus is on how people do business rather than on what people make, so companies pay more attention on operations where most organizations incur the majority of the costs. Nowadays, consumers require higher quality, quicker deliveries and lower costs, operations is adding cross-functional decision making and better deal with information system (Anupindi et al., 2005). In essence, operations management means the generation of consumer value via the efficiently and effectively managing the operation processes (Voss, Tsikriktsis Frohlich, 2002). With added internationalization and competition and in markets, operations management are reducing product and service life cycles, shifting emphasis on consumer concerns, competing for time (Hayes, 2002). As a British manufacturer of luxury automobiles on the base of the Good wood Plant, Rolls-Royce Motor Cars Limited is the present producer of Rolls-Royce branded automobiles. Having been a motoring icon for more than 10 0 years, Rolls-Royce Motor Cars Limited aims at continuing to set the pace into the next century. The main purpose of this report is to apply information systems and operations to the Rolls-Royce Motor Cars Limited. This report will adopt a narrow view of operations, define the companys operation. And offer an annotated input-transformation-output diagram of the operations system presenting the primary, secondary and tertiary inputs and outputs. Following this, it will discuss the supply network of which it is part, and describe the components that comprise this supply network and the flows in terms of physical and informational between the components. Finally, it will identify the major categories of ICT, E-business and information systems used and look at the influences on the operations and supply network in Rolls-Royce Ltd. 2.0 Operations system 2.1 Operations in Rolls-Royce Motor Cars Limited Operations management means the business function conscientious about planning, organizing, and controlling the resources required to generate an organizations services and products (Slack, Chambers Johnson, 2004). Rolls-Royce Motor Cars Limited is a system to gain resources from its environment including materials and staff, to produce high-quality of motor cars to customers all around the world. The operation system is highly standardized, low contact skills, high staff utilization, centralization and low unit costs. The operations function includes all actions associated with generating and delivering motor cars. Rolls-Royce Motor Cars Limited is typical goods producing operations. The percent of the product that is good, namely, motor cars. All micro and macro and operations in Rolls-Royce Ltd are based on its customers and suppliers. The needed components of the whole system are to fulfill the companys mission. The company aims to produces goods with excellent durability and quality, with well function, style, and design. Rolls-Royce Ltd is emphasized on the relations of its suppliers and its consumers for the sake of operating effectively and offering high-quality to the motor cars. 2.2 A holistic view of Rolls-Royce Ltd system The diagram below describes the components through which the entire system of Rolls-Royce Motor Cars Limited contains. The interior process through which the company participates separately could be seen in figure 1. The primary division is conscientious about generating and delivering raw materials for the company, where the secondary division applies the raw materials for the sake of manufacturing or improving the goods of the Rolls-Royce Ltd. With regard to the tertiary division, the services are offered through the organization for the sake of satisfying the requirements of its consumers such as distributing and retailing of the motor cars. For the sake of describing the primary, secondary, and tertiary divisions of the operation system, the systems method is applied to show every sub-system of the entire system. 2.3 Input-transformation-output diagram The input-transformation-output connects the environment to the management control system (Bertrand Fransoo, 2002). For the sake of designing good management control systems, it is necessary to comprehend where in the environment to look the appropriate inputs, the form of transformation perform, and what output to generate (Johnston, 2005). Comprehending the input-transformation-output process assists Rolls-Royce Ltd to determine the certain design parameters of management control system. In accordance with what is shown about every division, the input-transformation-output diagram is produced for the sake of describing the primary, secondary, and tertiary inputs and outputs (figure 2). The input-transformation-output diagram shows what kind of operations management Rolls-Royce Ltd proceeds for the sake of gaining its goals. The company gains inputs from its environment, transforms them into outputs, and delivers the outputs back into the environment. Rolls-Royce Ltd makes a limited product line of motor cars using input-transformation-output process. The company applies lots of manufacturing process having various categories of control systems than applying lean manufacturing ways. The process is visualized for the motor cars to be accomplished and is available to consumers. The input-transformation-output diagram describes what inputs are needed in the whole operation system for the sake of obtaining the prescriptive outputs. The outputs are motor cars, services, and even outcomes of product operations management. 2.3.1 The primary division The primary division of Rolls-Royce Motor Cars Limited is the suppliers, as the organization does not generate the raw materials on its own. The company needs the raw materials from the manufacturers and suppliers to stick to several certain ways and standards for the sake of cooperate with them. The organization generates some measures to estimate the environmental influence of the cars, and assists its suppliers through comprehending the environmental influence of the goods they offer. Rolls-Royce Ltd applies reusing and reusable sources for the sake of generating more motor cars while older cars get the terminal of the lifecycle. The company proposes to the suppliers to recycle the wasteful materials to produce other goods, so as to prevent from the waste which is generated in the manufacturing process. The agents of Rolls-Royce Ltd are conscientious about buying materials, negotiating the prices to the suppliers, test the quality of goods offered and locating orders. The inputs i nclude sheet steel, engine parts, information on raw materials, manufacturing guidelines, procedures, and personnel polices. 2.3.2 Secondary division The secondary part is related to the manufacturing. At the transformation process phase, the materials from the suppliers are applied so as to produce the motor cars. The manufacturers are needed to apply strict standards for the sake of generating high quality cars. Rolls-Royce Ltd forms some relationships so as to obtain support to the actions. One of the companys objectives is to be friendly with the environment, and the company offers high quality cars as it is conscientious about the environment about and people. The transformation process needs equipment, tools, fabrication and assembly of cars, and employees follow instructions. 2.3.3 Tertiary division The tertiary division is responsible for satisfying the consumers requirements. Rolls-Royce Ltd has made available motor cars online to some countries. Rolls-Royce Ltd tries its best to reduce cost in the actions in the operations so as to reach the company goal. The company finds that it is difficult for the consumers to make decisions on empty stomach, so it has offered store restaurants. Although the company does the majority of the operations to the cars to get to the consumers, the consumers can choose, collect, and assembly the cars to reduce the total cost. As consumers choose and buy the motor cars on their own, the company has tried its best to strengthen the performance and aesthetic of the cars. The output in most of the company operations is a mixture of products and services, mainly in high-quality motor cars. 3.0 Supply network 3.1 Supply network of Rolls-Royce Motor Cars Limited Form a wider viewpoint of the operations system, it means the design, operation and development of the interior and exterior systems and resources across the entire company and the supply network generating and delivering the companys services and goods and the value required through consumers (Waller, 2003). The supply network in the company consists of the common statement of businesses where a variety of materials are transformed and moved between different value-added points to maximize the value added for consumers. Because the components forming the supply network have been identified above, the supply network of Rolls-Royce Motor Cars Limited emphasizes on the upstream and downstream of the supply network (figure 2). 3.1.1 Upstream of the supply network The upstream of the supply network in Rolls-Royce Ltd starts while a consumer subscribes online, by phone or in person. The consumers subscription goes to the closest distribution centre and the car of the subscription is collected and distributed immediately to the consumer. Through the comparison between the downstream and upstream, it is differentiated that the retailer that is portion of the supply network does not play any role from the categories of transactions. 3.1.2 Downstream of the supply network One of the agents obligations is to order forms, so while an agent orders a form to the suppliers they setout the materials needed in the company, and they are transported to the secondary division. From the distribution centers, the motor cars are transferred to the retailers in accordance with the place of the store in country, therefore the consumers are able to visit the nearest store to purchase goods. 3.2 Physical and informational flows Relationships and information flows include personal relations across the company and lots of firms in the supply network, relationships between companies such as structures and systems required, and the information flows in terms of informal and formal essential to the different relationships to appropriately function (Roth Menor, 2003). 3.2.1 Physical flows Physical flows move when the informational flows deal with controlling and management of the operation process in Rolls-Royce Ltd. The informational flows in the physical processing could be developed online. Via a determined delivery deadline, the time for physical flows is predetermined in the company. The application of information systems helps to develop planning of the physical flows and the informational flow is important for the company to keep competitive. 3.2.2 Informational flows Information flow (formal and informal) is transmission of information from one place to another in Rolls-Royce Ltd. The company tries its best to manage information flows to improve value chain performance. Figure 4 shows the information flows in supply network of Rolls-Royce Ltd. 4.0 ICT, E-business and information systems 4.1 ICT ICT plays an important role in processing of data into information, in the interaction between sub-systems of a system and between systems in Rolls-Royce Motor Cars Limited. Information communications technologies (ICT) includes E-mail, Web-based ordering, EDI of invoices and payment, and Web-based order tracking. In managing business processes of Rolls-Royce Ltd, ICT acts as sensor, feedback, comparator and actuator. ICT is in favor of determining forecasts to expect environmental disturbances and the trade-offs in buffers to accommodate environmental disturbances in the company. ICT is in favor of all facets of management such as decisions, functions, and levels. At every level, ICT processes data into information for business staff at the level, and ICT transmits the information as data for the following level up in the firm. The perception of boundary has results for the functions included in a specific information system. Having shown role of ICT in fundamental control loop functions, it is also in support of the goal setting process in Rolls-Royce Ltd. 4.2 E-business As a trend in operations and supply chain management, E-business develops pace, quality and cost of commerce communication. E-business covers all mediated information interchanges between a company and its exterior stakeholders (Chase, Jacobs Aquilano, 2006). Rolls-Royce Ltd uses operations information systems in day-to-day actions like transaction processing, process control, and communications. Rolls-Royce Ltd benefits a lot from the E-business. The customers of the Rolls-Royce Ltd can gain information about cars they needed by touching a button. The company can provide better availability of service to permit consumers to shop online, better timeliness of service to provide 24-hour service for purchasing products, and reduced cost in information processing. Through E-business, the operating costs of operations are less expensive, cheaper than brick-and-mortar, and initial cost of operations is cheaper. The company offers better access to consumer markets going everywhere in the world, and improves scheduling as the online capability permits the company more precise and seasonable in scheduling production activities. The firm is more easily study the quality of materials and components in the operation process. In addition, Rolls-Royce Ltd is better buying prices from suppliers, as the company obtains more pricing information and outcomes in lowering costs. Rolls-Royce Ltd enhances car development, as the capability online a ssists to decrease the time-to-market and the cost for new cars. 4.3 Information systems Information systems is applied to support the functional fields of business, is a group of relevant components working jointly to implement input, processing, output, and control activities for the sake of shifting data into information products applied to support operations (Rust Chase, 1999). The application of these systems is much cheaper compared with other systems. This system consists of process control systems, office automation systems, and transaction processing systems, which are major information system in the company. Management information systems are applied to offer feedback on the company actions and sustaining decision making. The system contains information reporting systems, executive information systems, and decision support systems in Rolls-Royce Ltd. Rolls-Royce Ltd can immensely enhance the performance through applying these information systems, and the information interchange between the firm and the suppliers is much faster. These information system influences the value chain in Rolls-Royce Ltd, such as identifying the methods IS may generate competitive advantage, creating a plan for taking advantage of IS, determining the role, and assessing the information intensity of the value chain. In addition, the company makes full use of interprise resource planning (ERP) systems with comprehensive functions for all main business operations across Rolls-Royce Ltd like production, finance, sales, and human resource management. Whats more, Rolls-Royce Ltd takes advantage of computer-based information system for the sake of generating management information, which is high-speed, reliable, accurate and programmable. 5.0 Conclusion In conclusion, Rolls-Royce Ltd can generate competitive advantage through information systems and operations. The input-transformation-output diagram is produced for the sake of describing the primary, secondary, and tertiary inputs and outputs. The supply network of Rolls-Royce Motor Cars Limited emphasizes on the upstream and downstream of the supply network, and information flows in terms of informal and formal essential to the different relationships to appropriately function. ICT plays an important role in processing of data into information, in the interaction between sub-systems of a system and between systems in the company, and Rolls-Royce Ltd benefits a lot from the E-business and information systems. 6.0 Appendices Figure 1 Operations system in Rolls-Royce Motor Cars Limited Figure 2 Input-transformation-output diagram of Rolls-Royce Motor Cars Limited Figure 3 Supply network Figure 4 Information flows in supply network

Crude Drugs: Pharmacognostic Investigation

Crude Drugs: Pharmacognostic Investigation Introduction Microscopical examination and pharmacognostic evaluation of phyto drug may not apparently bear any direct co-relation with pharmacological and phytochemical evaluations. One should always remember that botanical identity of the phyto drug is an essential pre-requisite for undertaking the analysis of medicinal properties of any plant. If botanical identity of drug happens to be doubtful the entire phytochemical and pharmacological work on the plant becomes invalid. Thus the botanical identity of a crude drug threshold in the process of pharmacological investigations. Pharmacognostic Evaluation A systematic pharmacognostic study was carried out on the herbal drugs selected, to describe them more scientifically and to identify specific characteristics, if any, which will be helpful in the quality assurance and standardization of these plant drugs. Leaf Constants Determination of Stomatal Index Stomatal index is the percentage which the number of stomata form to the total number of epidermal cells, each stoma being counted as one cell. Stomatal index was be calculated by using the following equation. I = S X 100 E+S I=Stomatal index, S=No. of stomata per unit area, E=No. of epidermal cells in the same unit area. Middle part of the leaf was cleared by boiling with chloral hydrate solution. The lower epidermis was peeled by means of forceps and mounted on the slide with glycerine water. Camera lucida and drawing board were arranged for making drawings to scale. A square of 1mm was drawn by means of stage micrometer. The slide with cleared leaf (epidermis) was placed on the stage. The epidermal cells and stomata were traced out. The number of stomata present in 1sq mm area was counted. (Stomatal Number). The result for each of the ten fields was recorded and the average number of stomata per sq.mm was calculated. The stomatal index was determined using the above formula. The slides were prepared for Gynandropsis gynandra,(fig.2). The Stomatal number and Stomatal index values are given in Table.2. Determination of Vein-Islet Number Vein-islet is the small area of green tissue surrounded by the veinlets. The vein-islet number is the average number of vein-islet per square millimeter of a leaf surface. It is determined by counting the number of vein-islets in an area of 4 sq.mm of the central part of the leaf between the midrib and the margin. A portion of leaf was cleaned by boiling in chloral hydrate solution for about thirty minutes and slide was prepared. Camera lucida and drawing board were arranged for making drawings to scale. Stage micrometer was arranged on the microscope and using 16 mm objective, a line was drawn equivalent to 1 mm as seen through the microscope. A square was constructed on this line. The patter was moved so that the square is seen in the eye piece, in the centre of the field. The slide with the cleared leaf epidermis was placed on the stage. The veins which are included within the square were traced off, completing the outlines of those islets which overlap adjacent sides of the square. The number of vein islets in 1sq mm was counted. (The slides were prepared for Gynandropsis gynandra,(fig.5)). The average number of vein islets in the four adjoining squares gave. The Vein islet number.(Table -3) Determination of Palisade Ratio Palisade ratio is the average number of palisade cells beneath one epidermal cell of a leaf. It is determined by counting the palisade cells beneath four continuous epidermal cells. A piece of the leaf was cleared by boiling in chloral hydrate solution for about thirty minutes and slide was prepared. Camera lucida and drawing board were arranged for making drawings to scale. Using 4mm objective, the outlines of four cells of the epidermis were traced off. The palisade layer was focussed and sufficient cells were traced off to cover the tracings of the epidermal cells. The outlines of those palisade cells which are intersected by the epidermal walls, were completed. The palisade cells under the four epidermal cells were counted. The average number of cells beneath a single epidermal cell was calculated. (The slides were prepared for Gynandropsis gynandra,(fig.8). The determination was repeated for five groups of four epidermal cells from different parts of the leaf. The average of the results gave the palisade ratio. (Table-4) Histology of Gynandropsis gynandra: Midrib of Leaf: The transverse section of midrib of Gynandropsis gynandra Linn comprises of the epidermis, cortex, endodermis and vascular bundles. (fig.13) Upper epidermis: Comprises of barrel shaped cells which are closely packed, devoid of chloroplast and possess glandular trichomes. Cortex: Below the epidermis layers of cortical cells are present which are made up of polygonal parenchymatous cells. Endodermis: Endodermis is made up of rectangular barrel shaped cells with casparian thickenings. Pericycle: Below the endodermis three layered pericycle is present which is made up of parenchymatous cells. Vascular Bundles: A four to five layered phloem tissue is present that is made up of thinwalled phloem parenchymatous cells and phloem companion cells. Xylem tissue is made up of xylem elements, xylem parenchyma and xylem companion cells. Lower Epidermis: Is made up of polygonal cells which are closely packed together. 2.4.2 Stem: Transverse section of Gynandropsis gynandra Linn stem comprises of epidermis, exodermis, cortex, endodermis and vascular bundles. (fig.14) Epidermis: External layer with tightly joined cells that are devoid of stomata. This layer is usually termed as rhizodermis. It is also known as epiblema. This layer with covering trichomes dries and its place is taken by typical secondary boundary tissue called exodermis having glandular trichomes. Exodermis: This layer is present below the epidermis and is often regarded as a protective layer. The walls of the cells become suberized. Eames, in 1947, regarded this as hypodermis; Foster and Guttenberg, in 1943, gave it the name exodermis because of the presence of suberin in its walls. The suberin lamella develop on the inner side of the primary wall. They differ from cork cells since they contain protoplasmic contents. Cortex: The cortex is comparatively simple in histology and is generally composed of thin walled cells with lots of intercellular spaces. The cells are arranged in concentric layers with cells in each layer alternating with others. Endodermis: It is a distinct layer of cells differentiated from the innermost layer of cortex. The layer is uniseriate, made up of barrel shaped cells. Casparian strips are present radially. Pericycle: Below the endodermis, a few layers of parenchymatous cells are present which make up the pericycle. Vascular Bundles: The stem exhibits secondary growth, hence a complete ring of cambium is formed. A distinct secondary phloem is visible on the outer side. There is outer fascicular cambium which is made of parenchymatous cells. The phloem consists of phloem fibres, sieve tubes and companion cells. The secondary xylem shows distinct vessels and forms a continuous band interrupted here and there by narrow rays which are uniseriate. The secondary xylem constitutes a large portion of the bundles; it is present on the inner side and consists of vessels with simple perforated tracheids with a few simple pits on radial walls and some xylem parenchyma. Pith: Thin walled or thick walled cells filled with tannin and crystals of gypsum constitute the small pith. Stomata: Anisocytic or cruciferous (unequal) type of stomata which occurs in Capparadaceae family. The stoma is usually surrounded by three or four subsidiary cells, one of which is markedly smaller than the others. (fig.15) Physico Chemical Evaluation of Crude Drugs Extractive Values Extractive values are useful for evaluation of crude drugs and give an idea about the nature of chemical constituents present in them. The amount of extractive a drug yields to a given solvent is often an approximate measure of a certain constituent or group of related constituents the drug contains. In some cases the amount of a certain constituent or group of related constituents the drug contains, in some cases the amount of drug soluble in a given solvent is an index of its purity. The solvent used for extraction should be in a position to dissolve quantities of substances desired. Determination of Alcohol Soluble Extractive 5 g of macerated and air-dried coarse powder of drug was mixed with 100 ml of 95% alcohol in a closed flask and kept for 24 hours, shaking frequently during the first 6 hours and then allowed to stand for 18 hours. Thereafter, it was filtered rapidly taking precautions against loss of the solvent. About 25 ml of the filtrate was evaporated to dryness in a tared, flat-bottomed shallow dish, dried at 105o C and weighed. The percentage of alcohol-soluble extractive was calculated with reference to the air-dried drug. Determination of Water Soluble Extractive Proceeded as directed for the determination of alcohol soluble extractive, using chloroform water I.P. as a solvent. Determination of Chloroform Soluble Extractive Proceeded as directed for the determination of alcohol soluble extractive, using chloroform as solvent. Determination of Petroleum Ether Soluble Extractive Proceeded as directed for the determination of alcohol soluble extractive, using petroleum ether as a solvent. (Table 6) Loss On Drying About 5 g of powder was accurately weighed, placed in a petri-dish and dried in hot-air oven at 110Â ° C for four hours. After cooling, it was placed in a desiccator. The loss in weight was recorded. This was repeated till constant weight was obtained and % Loss on Drying was calculated with reference to the air-dried drug. (Table 7) Determination of Ash Values Ash values are helpful in determining the quality and purity of crude drugs in powdered form. Ashing involves an oxidation of the components of the product. The total ash usually consists of inorganic radicals like carbonates, phosphates, silicates and silica of sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium. A high ash value is indicative of contamination, substitution or adulteration. Sometimes, inorganic variables like calcium oxalate, silica, carbonate content of crude drug affects total ash values; such variables are then removed by treating with acid (as they are soluble in hydrochloric acid) and then acid-insoluble ash value is determined. Ash insoluble in hydrochloric acid is the residue obtained after extracting the total ash with hydrochloric acid. This acid-insoluble ash value particularly indicates contamination with silicious materials like earth or sand. Water-soluble ash is that part of the total ash content which is soluble in water. It is a good indicator of either previous extraction of water soluble salts in the drug or incorrect preparation. For the determination of various ash values viz. total ash, acid-insoluble ash, water-soluble ash, the shade dried parts of the selected plant materials were powdered and passed through sieve no:40 and studies were carried out. The values vary within fairly wide limits and is therefore an important parameter for the purpose of evaluation of crude drugs. Determination of Total Ash A flat, thin porcelain crucible was weighed and ignited. About 2 g of the powdered drug was taken into the crucible. The crucible was incinerated at temperatures not exceeding 4500C, until free from carbon.The crucible was cooled in a desiccator and weighed. The procedure was repeated to get constant weight.The percentage of total ash was calculated with reference to the air dried drug. (Table No.8) Determination of Acid-insoluble Ash The total ash obtained was boiled with 25 ml of 2 M hydrochloric acid for 5mins. The insoluble ash was collected on an ashless filter paper and washed with hot water. The insoluble ash was transferred to a pre-weighed silica crucible, ignited, cooled, weighed and procedure was repeated to get constant weight. The percentage of Acid-insoluble ash of the crude drug was calculated with reference to the air-dried sample of the crude drug. (Table No.9) Determination of Water-soluble Ash The total ash obtained was boiled in 25 ml chloroform water for five minutes. The insoluble ash was collected on an ashless filter paper and washed with hot water. The insoluble ash was transferred into pre-weighed silica crucible, ignited for 15 minutes at a temperature not exceeding 450o C. The crucible was cooled, weighed and the procedure was repeated to get constant weight .Weight of the insoluble matter was subtracted from the weight of the total ash. The difference of weight was considered as the water-soluble ash. The percentage of water-soluble ash was determined with reference to the air-dried drug. (Table No.10) Fluorescence analysis of the crude drugs: Many crude drugs show fluorescence when the sample is exposed to ultraviolet radiation. Evaluation of crude drugs based on fluorescence in daylight is not much used, as it is usually unreliable due to the weakness of the fluorescence effect. Fluorescence lamps (366 nm) are fitted with suitable filters, which eliminates visible radiation from the lamp and transmits ultraviolet radiation of definite wavelength. Several crude drugs show characteristic fluorescence useful for their evaluation. (Table No.11) Total Solid Content About 5 g of extract was accurately weighed in a petri-dish and kept in a hot-air oven and maintained at 110Â °C for four hours. After cooling, the loss in weight was recorded. This procedure was repeated till constant weight was obtained. (Table No. 12) Total solid content (%) = Loss in weight x 100/W W = Weight of the extract in grams Extraction Maceration The powdered materials were extracted with alcohol (95%) by cold maceration method. Weighed quantity of powdered crude drugs were taken into round bottom flasks with alcohol, in the drug to solvent ratio 1:3 and kept for maceration for a period of 7 days. Finally the flask was left undisturbed for 12 hrs and then the contents were shaker and filtered through Whatman filter paper No.1. The marc was re-extracted with drug solvent ratio of 1:2. The extracts were combined and concentrated in a rotary flash evaporator, till free from solvent. The extracts, thus obtained were stored in a refrigerator at 40C until used. (Table No.13) Qualitative Phytochemical Screening A spectrum of natural compounds like alkaloids, glycosides, tannis, essential oils and other similar secondary metabolites which exert physiological activity are synthesized in the plant, in addition to the carbohydrates, proteins and lipids utilized by man as food articles. A systematic and complete study of crude drugs should include a thorough investigation of both primary and secondary metabolites derived as a result of plant metabolism. The different qualitative chemical tests are to be performed for establishing profile of a given extract/fraction for its nature of chemical composition. The following tests were carried out on the extracts to detect various phytoconstituents present in them. Detection of Alkaloids About 50 mg of solvent free extract was stirred with little quantity of dilute hydrochloric acid and filtered. The filtrate was tested carefully with various alkaloid tests viz., Mayers Test, Wagners Test, Hagers Test, Dragendroffs Test Detection of Carbohydrates About 100mg of the extract was dissolved in 5 ml of distilled water and filtered. The presence of carbohydrates were tested by Molischs Test, Fehlings Test, Barfoeds Test and Benedicts Test Detection of Glycosides For detection of glycosides, about 50 mg of extract was hydrolyzed with concentrated hydrochloric acid for 2 hrs on a water bath, filtered and the hydrolysate was subjected to the Glycoside testa viz., Borntragers Test, Legals Test, Detection of Saponins Foam or Froth Test Detection of Proteins and Amino Acids About 100 mg of extract was dissolved in 10 ml of distilled water and filtered through Whatmann No.1 filter paper and the filtrate was subjected to tests for proteins and amino acids. Viz., Millons Test, Biuret Test, Ninhydrin Test Detection of Phytosterols and triterpenoids: Tested by Libermann Burchards and Salkwoski test Detection of Phenolic Compounds and Tannins Tested by Ferric chloride test, Gelatin test, Lead acetate test, Alkaline reagents, and Shinoda test or Magnesium Hydrochloric acid reduction Thin Layer Chromatography Thin Layer Chromatography of extracts was done by using standard procedures and is mainly used for the detection of the nature of phytoconstituents present. Thin Layer Chromatography is a very effective technique for the separation of chemical constituents of an extract and for their identification. The history of TLC has been reviewed by various authors. A major breakthrough in this field was the commercial availability of convenient precoated plates in the early 70s Pharmacopoeias are increasingly employing this technique for assessing the quality and purity of compounds of both synthetic and natural origin. TLC profiles developed for an extract from a define solvent system and other parameters could be used as a fingerprint in comparative qualitative evaluation of herbal drugs. The trend of evaluation by this method is becoming popular in view of its simplicity and reproducibility. TLC is an important analytical tool in the separation, identification and estimation of different classes of natural products. In this technique, the different components are separated by the differential migration of solute between two phases a stationary phase and a mobile phase. Here, the principle of separation is adsorption and the stationary phase acts as an adsorbent. Depending on the particular type of stationary phase, its preparation and use with different solvents, separation can be achieved on the basis of partition or a combination of partition and adsorption. Preparation of Plates 100 g of Silica gel-G was weighed and made into a homogenous suspension with 200 ml of distilled water to form aslurry. The slurry was poured into a TLC applicator, which was adjusted to 0.25 mm thickness on flat glass plate of different dimensions (10 x 2, 10 x 5, 20 x 5, 20 x 10 cm etc.). The coated plates were allowed to dry in air, followed by heating at 100 105o C for 1 hour, cooled and stored in a dry atmosphere to protect from moisture. Before using, the plates were activated by heating at 100o C for 10 minutes. Detection of Steroids / Triterpenoids and their Glycosides Solvent systems used: Ethyl acetate: Methanol : Water 81 : 11 : 8 Ethyl acetate: Methanol : Water 75 : 15 : 10 Chloroform : Methanol : Water 70 : 30 : 4 Chloroform : Methanol : Water 64 : 50 : 10 n-Butanol :Acetic acid: Water 4 : 1 : 5 (upper phase) Benzene : Ethyl acetate 90 : 10, 80 : 20, 50 : 50 Chloroform : Methanol 95 : 5, 90 : 10, 80 : 20 Ethyl acetate: Methanol 90 : 10, 80 : 20, 50 : 50 Spray Reagents: 1) Vanillin Sulphuric acid (VS) reagent Solution I : 5% ethanolic sulphuric acid Solution II : 1% ethanolic vanillin The developed TLC plate was sprayed with 10 ml of solution I, followed immediately by 5-10 ml of solution II, then heate for 5-10 minutes at 100o C under observation. steroids / triterpenoids and their glycosides give blue, blue violet or pink colored spots. 2) Vanillin Phosphoric acid (VPA) reagent Solution a: 1 gm vanillin dissolved in 100 ml of 50% phosphoric acid Solution b: 2 parts 24 % phosphoric acid and 8 parts 2% ethanolic Vanillic acid After spraying with either solution a or b, the plate was heated for 10 minutes at 100o C Red Violet colour indicates the presence of steroids / triterpenoids and their glycosides. 3) Antimony (III) chloride reagent 20% solution of antimony (III) chloride The developed TLC plate was sprayed with reagent and then heated for 5-6 minutes at 100o C Red violet color in visible light; red violet, blue and green fluorescence in UV at 365 nm indicates the presence of steroids / triterpenoids and their glycosides. 4) Anisaldehyde sulphuric acid reagent 0.5 ml of anisaldehyde was mixed with 10 ml glacial acetic acid, followed by 85 ml of methanol and 5 ml of concentrated sulphuric acid, in that order. The developed TLC plate was sprayed with reagent, heated at 100o C for 5 10 minutes. steroids / triterpenoids and their glycosides give blue, blue violet or pink coloured spots. Detection of Flavonoids and their Glycosides Solvent systems used: Chloroform : Methanol 80:20, 70:30, 50:50 Ethyl acetate : Methanol: Water 81:11:8 n- Butanol : Acetic acid : Water 4 : 1 : 5 (upper phase) Ethyl acetate: Formic acid: Glacial acetic acid: water 100:11:11:27 Ethyl acetate: Formic acid: Glacial acetic acid: Ethyl methyl ketone: Water 50:7:3:30:10 Detection The developed TLC plate was observed in visible light and in UV at 365 nm. Flavonoids and their glycosides appear as yellow, dark blue, orange zones / spots. The color gets intensified on exposure of the plates to ammonia vapors. Detection of Alkaloids Solvent systems used Benzene : Ethyl acetate : Diethylamine 6:3:1 Toluene: Ethyl acetate: Formic acid 5:4:1 Detection: Dragendorffs reagent The developed TLC plate was sprayed with reagent and then heated for 5-6 minutes at 1000C, spot will be developed.

kiss the sky :: essays research papers

Ten people sit, waiting to embark On a journey to a place called Jurassic Park. They sit impatient, they can’t wait to leave Too see something none of them have ever seen. They’ve seen it in movies and on TV But never in real life like they are about to see. Although it will be exciting to be there, It’s as well a dangerous atmosphere; For they all tried to run when they heard the roar But they all got eaten by a dinosaur. So all we know is who they were; Nothing from after or from before But I will tell you what I can guess About all these people, I’ll do my best. There was a man who played on the stage And for each film he made, earned a hefty wage. He was an actor in huge demand Any sum of money would be placed in his hand. He could make you think he was anyone He could even convince his father he wasn’t his son. Although in his head he wasn’t too bright His personality was more than all right. The other nine like him, and that’s no surprise He was especially easy on the eyes. The man who with the actor bonded best Was a man with a million dollar wrist. On the cover of every sports magazine And being him was every boy’s dream. He was a bit short-tempered, but liked to joke They all thought he was funny, even the old folks. Although he could play many sports He was also a gentleman of many sorts. He was quite a charmer, pure to the core No girl could ever ask for anything more. Next on the list was a man who sang And when he did, on every word you would hang. For he could set the mood of any situation And make something small into a big sensation. Although he was not much to look at His words were rich like butter is fat. He was a college man but not very bright He never studied during the day, but he sang at night. He was rather shy and kept to himself Until he was on stage, then his songs he would belt. Then there was a man with utmost control Boss of the country was his role. Every decision was of his own He could change anything by making a call on the phone. But that’s okay, he was quite trusted And so neat about everything, even his ironing board was dusted. Everything he wore looked brand new It’s like everything he wore, he had two. He had great posture, even when he sat He stepped very lightly, just like a cat.

Monica Lewinsky: Women in Society, Body Image and Feminism :: Essays Papers

Monica Lewinsky: Women in Society, Body Image and Feminism In the current post-impeachment proceedings the question becomes whom it has affected most and what it will mean to them and their agenda. Obvious groups that will suffer most from the impeachment that are subject to the after effects are the Republican Party and American politics in general. As far as individuals are concerned, Monica Lewinsky has a good deal of post-scandal baggage. But what about those who will experience the effects of Monica and what she represents as a woman in American society? The movement which has suffered the most in the standpoint of social and political agenda are the Feminists. Using Feminist criticism to analyze the discourse surrounding and as well as by the speaker, Monica, I aim to reveal how women's place in society led by the Feminist's has changed due the sex scandal and where it maybe headed next. In looking at this aspect of the scandal it becomes crucial not just to analyze the discourse of Feminists and Monica but to find it in a larger scheme of a society which shapes many of the gender roles and pressures put on individuals to look and act in certain ways. There is an evident change in the role of women in American society that has occurred as a result of the scandal which is important not just to the Feminists and their supporters but to any female who enters the public arena and is faced with pressures and expectations put on them as a result of their gender. As a leading special interest group, Feminists, who are politically active concerning gender roles in society, have been at the forefront of the Paula Jones case and the Lewinksy-Clinton scandal. What comes at odds with the Feminist stance in politics is a womanizing Democratic President that they support and his opportunizing and provocative young mistress. It was something the Feminists were neither prepared for nor easily responded to when given the option of a liberal President with sexual issues or the conservative, Republican moralists taking charge. We deplore his misconduct but we also understand the hypocrisy of his opponents. We Have years of progress at stake if the President is hounded out of office. But worse yet, We wish the ushering into power of a puritanical or fundamentaliststs, sex police which Speaks of freedom but allows government to destroy the right of privacy.

The Evolution of Film Essay -- History, Trick Film

In the early times of narrative cinema there was litter pressure on the filmmakers for the evolution of film forms before nickelodeons (Salt, 31) as cinema had not become a mass cultural product and film was still just a novelty expected to die out like rock n roll. And so the demand was low and so the supply could remain unoriginal. Mary Jane's Mishap was made in 1903 when ‘multi-scene films were becoming popular’ (Salt, 32). Mary Jane's Mishap is notable for its use of experimental and inventive shot transitions. It used a vertical wipe to instead of ‘separate successive scenes’ (Salt, 32) (as it cuts to a shot width a wider frame of the same locale) but to change the zoom level. This frame is essentially an insert and borderline emblematic shot. It doubles as an intertitle at the same time as to avoid ‘systematically anticipating the narrative content of the following shot and thus eliminating any possible suspense, were to constitute a major obsta cle to the linearization of narrative for the next ten years at least.’ (Burch, 221) it which explains to the viewer clearly that it is Mary Jane’s grave as on which is important as it is a ‘self sufficient narrative’ (Burch, 221) as cinema had run out of stories that were familiar to audiences and the primitive viewer was not well versed in film (quote this). This is at a time when fades and overlaps were more popular. In the development of the narrative close ups are used. Mary Jane's Mishap uses both types of these close shots that Salt defines (Salt, 38). Firstly the insert which only show the face but closer it furthers the narrative by highlighting the comedy and humour in the moustache she has given herself with shoe polish. Secondly, the ‘true close-up’ such as in this shot... ...shot of Mary Jane in the first scene to join the shots and de-emphasize discontinuity as well as trying to match the character movement to bridge the cuts. (Gunning, 90) ‘The key articulation in the scene would be the cut-in (or the cut out) in which successive shots overlap spatially. This would find its beginnings in the cut-ins to medium shots in such films as Mary Jane's Mishap but becomes dominant practice around 1912.’ (Gunning, 93) According to this view, ‘the single-shot functions as a theatrical proscenium (long shot framing) and the theatrical scene’ (the lengthy uninterrupted shot)’ (Gunning, 97). Though Mary Jane's Mishap evolves from this by using these cut-ins though these are still only cut-ins filmed from the same perspective/position of the original shots/ where a audience member of a theatre show would stay. Understanding of it being primitive.

Examine the importance of Russian weaknesses in WW1 in explaining the start of Revolution in 1917

The weaknesses of Russia during World War One were very important in explaining the start of the Russian Revolution in 1917. Although their were also other factors that contributed to the start of the Revolution in 1917 like the role of Tsar and the problems in Petrograd. Russia had many weaknesses during WW1 both at home at and the front line which could have helped cause the Revolution in 1917. Russia was unable to beat Japan due to many weaknesses at the front line. The soldiers weren't given any proper training and their weapons were mostly out of date and even at one point their was only one gun between three soldiers. Their was also very bad transport in Russia at the time which meant some soldiers couldn't be taken to the front because their was train to take them their and they would just be stuck in the train station. Having bad transport also meant that food was unable to get to the soldiers at the front which caused many to starve. The food for the soldiers and the people back home was delivered to a city Archangel but because their weren't any trains to deliver the food to them, it just stayed in Archangel. Also, their were many casualties during the war but due to the bad transport medical supplies like medicines and nurses were unable to be taken to the front to treat the wounded. The war gave soldiers the opportunity to communicate with each other and share their ideas, it also gave them experience with weapons and training which they were able to use in the revolution. Their were also many problems at home during WW1. Russia had a population of hundred and five million during WW1 and only three and a half million were industrial workers, this is because most of them had gone of to fight in the war but with a lack of industrial workers it meant that the amount of weapons being made would decrease and by three months into the war the amount of weapons being made had fallen by fifty percent. During the war because their was not enough people to run the factories Peasants were used to work in the factories, but with the peasants working in the factories this meant the land being used to make food fell by twenty percent. This made people really angry because of the shortage of food. Also the food prices went up and during 1914 and 1917 food prices had increased five times, this made people angry because their wages weren't being increased and only less then ten percent of workers were receiving minimum wage. With the lack of food and the food prices being increased made many people angry enough to decide to go on strikes. Many strikes occurred and in 1914 their were altogether sixty-eight strikes and in January and February of 1917 one thousand three hundred and thirty strikes occurred. These strikes showed that people wanted change. Many people though loved Tsar at the beginning of the war because it made them feel patriotic towards their country and they were willing to support him because they wanted to win the war. Industrial reform was another factor that could have helped cause the Revolution of 1917. In the 1890's Russia started to industrialise and this stage was known as ‘The Great Spurt'. A man called Sergi Witte wanted to modernise Russia and move everyone to the cities, this was a bad move because 80% of Russia's population at the time were peasants, and in 1881 only 928,000 people were living in St Petersburg. By 1914 the population of St Petersburg had increased to 2,217,000 this caused a lot of problems. It caused social unrest, their were on trade union or legal representation and bad living conditions because the city was so crowded. It also caused food shortages because their weren't as many peasants producing food and their were too many people living in the town it was hard to supply food for them all. Having so many people living in an overcrowded city was a bad move because people were able to talk to each other and plan and organise a revolution. Sergi Witte managed to build a Trans-Siberian railway, but although it was a step in industrialising Russia it was a poor one. The Railway only went form east to west, this was the reason why soldiers were unable to get to the front line and fight and it was also the reason why food supplies weren't being delivered to places in the north and south of Russia and to the soldiers. The role of Tsar also helped in causing the Revolution of 1917. Although Tsar was liked at the beginning of WW1 but by the end of the war he was very disliked by many people. He believed in Romanov tradition and believed that he ruled through divine right, which meant he believed he was chosen by god and refused to embrace any type of change. One of the things he believed and lived by was Russification, he wanted to make Russia more Russian and by doing this he treated Ukrainians badly, prosecuted Jews because he felt that they weren't real Russians and caused huge discrimination. He also called peasants the ‘dark masses'. A man called Pobedonostsev tutored Nicholas II and his father Alexander III which allowed him to have a huge influence over the both of them. Pobedonostsev was the one who told them to give no freedom and because of the huge influence Pobedononstsev had over Nicholas and his father that is what Nicholas and his father did, they gave no freedom. Tsar's personal feelings and personality was also a reason that could have helped cause the Revolution of 1917. He was known to be very stubborn and impatient and disagreed with any change. He had bad judgement in the appointment and dismissal of ministers and he also refused to appoint a government which had the confidence of the public during the war which caused a lot of people to turn against him. Rasputin was also a cause of opposition towards Tsar. Tsar's choice of having Rasputin as an adviser was a bad move; this was because the Wealth Influential Court Ministers hated Rasputin and his powers and started to turn against Tsar because of Rasputin. Also in 1917 Tsar sacked his uncle and became commander of chief of the whole army. This was the worst thing Tsar could have done because it meant that he would get the blame from people when Russia gets defeated in wars, it also meant that he was away from home a lot. With Tsar being away from home a lot it allowed opposition to grow and problems to occur like the strikes by workers and peasants. Agrarian reform was also another factor that could have helped cause the Revolution in 1917. A man called Stolypin who was a big supporter of Tsar wanted to change the way peasants were farming in Russia. He believed in ‘suppression first, and then, and only then reform', he wanted to work out how to feed the growing population of Russia. Peasants were very conservative and the form of farming they did was called strip farming which was were they farm for their needs no one else's, but Stolypin wanted to get the peasants to farm for the big cities like St Petersburg and Moscow. The way in which he went in trying to make these changes was by terrorising them. All though Stolypin tried by 1914 most peasants were still strip farming which meant that people in St Petersburg and Moscow still didn't have enough for food for their growing population which got people in the cities angry. Also because 80% of the population of Russia were peasants, by terrorising them like Stolypin did a lot of them would have turned away from supporting Tsar because Stolypin was such a big supporter of Tsar. The failure to meet needs after 1905 Revolution in the October manifesto was also another factor that could have caused the Revolution on 1917. Russia was very surprised by their defeat from the Russo-Japanese war and that it self would have made people want to revolt. After the 1905 Revolution, which didn't work because their was no actual leader, Tsar had to make the people happy so he signed the October Manifesto which created the Duma, the Russian parliament. The Duma was split into two the Elected Duma and the State Council. The State council was appointed by Tsar which initially gave them more power over the Elected Duma. Although Tsar allowed the Duma which looked like he was given more freedom to the Russian people he was still the one who was able to control the Duma. If he didn't agree with any of the ideas of the Dumas he was able to dissolve it. The first Duma only lasted from 1st May to July 1906, the second one lasted form March to June 1907 and was dissolved because the Duma demanded rights and didn't like Stolypins ideas but Tsar did. The reason Tsar kept the Duma though was because although it looked like he was given people more freedom he wasn't and it was actually ineffective. Also Tsar felt that it looked impressive to other countries. Many Russians set up groups that rebelled against tsar because the Duma wasn't getting the things they wanted, like rights. One group set up was the Vyborg Group and they appeared to the people to defy Tsar by not paying tax, they were soon executed by Stoylpin. The final chaos in Petrograd symbolised Tsar had been deserted by everybody which helped cause the Revolution of 1917 because he had no supporters left. With no supporters Tsar had no hope of staying in power for long because of the amount of opposition growing. From 18th February to 4th March many problems occurred for Tsar like strikes from people at home and from people in the army. Opposition grows stronger, Tsar dissolved what was left of the Duma but twelve of them refused to go and set up a Provisional Committee. Tsar was advised by Kerensky, a leader politician to step down and the Duma president Rodzyanko said to him ‘their is not one honest man left in your entourage. The decent people have either left or been dismissed', this showed that Tsar had no followers left. Tsar decided to return to Petrograd because he felt that if he went back all the problems would calm down. Altogether these key factors all helped cause the 1917 Revolution and World War One acted as the spark that caused it to finally happen. Industrial reform, Agrarian reform, Tsars personality and beliefs and the failure to meet needs after the 1905 revolution in the October manafesto all caused a lot of opposition to grow against Tsar. Other then World War One Tsars personality and beliefs was a main cause of the 1917 revolution, because of his stubbornness and refusal of allowing any freedom for people got people very angry. He also lost a lot of support from important people, like the Wealth influential court ministers because of his choice of having Rasputin as a friend and leaving him as his wife's adviser when he was away. Becoming Commander of Chief was also a big mistake for Tsar to have become. World War One was the incident that sparked of the Revolution because during World war one was when most opposition from Russians grew, because of the food shortages and prices going up. World War one was like the midwife of the revolution, like Lenin said ‘war is the midwife of a revolution'.

Side Effects of Cosmetic Surgery

Side effects of cosmetic surgery Each year, millions of people choose to undergo cosmetic surgery. Before having these procedures performed, patients are informed of the benefits and risks associated with such operations. The benefits of cosmetic surgery are quite obvious: look younger, feel younger and correct the undesirable aspects of or defects in appearance. There are, however, many of the potential physical and psychological side effects, some known and some not so widely understood.Some possible side effects of cosmetic surgery are pain, infection, scarring, swelling and psychological effects such as grief, depression and anxiety. Many of the side effects of cosmetic surgery , it is possible for any type of surgery. The changes in body chemistry, negative reactions to anesthesia, pain and infection are examples of possible side effects of surgery. The cosmetic surgery , however, carries certain risks that are not typical of other surgical procedures, such as changes in appeara nce and mental health problems.The first obvious side effect that all patients experience after cosmetic surgery is a change in appearance. Despite this change is exactly what the patient requests, and many doctors use imaging software to show the patient what he or she will look like after surgery, the experience of looking in a mirror to look very different a computer-generated image. Many people are satisfied after surgery, but some people complain about the decision to modify their bodies, especially when the surgery involves a drastic change.Other patients do not follow the instructions after surgery and end up delaying the healing process, which can alter the outcome of surgery. The surgery scars and inflammation, for example, are commonly experienced when people do not obey the doctor’s recommendations. Cosmetic surgery is often very invasive, and doctors have to work diligently to minimize or hide the scars without complications introduced after the operation. Another side effect has less to do with the surgery itself and more to do with the expectations of individuals to establish changes in lifestyle, success or love life after undergoing cosmetic surgery.Many people choose to undergo this procedure because they believe it will serve as a cure for all problems. Some people then opt for an additional cosmetic surgery, thinking that another procedure will improve the situation, resulting in a vicious circle and addiction to cosmetic surgery. If patients have a history of psychological disorders, cosmetic surgery can increase the risk of other mental health problems or exacerbated.

Macbeth – Shakespeare

Macbeth, written in 1606, is one of Shakespeare's most adventurous plays filled with ambition, fate, deception and treachery, centred around the character of Macbeth, telling of extraordinary things from the witches mischievous magic to Macbeths change in fortune and personality. First his bravery, loyalty, and morality are conveyed to the audience; before Shakespeare goes on to tell of his tragic decline into evil and of how he brutally obtains power and control over others. At the time of the play's creation, society believed intensely in the Chain of Being; the concept of God's strict, natural structure over the universe. The people stuck by this for fear of the consequences. They didn't question nature's vicious wrath because if they were to turn against it, it would be to defy the will of God and so had only God to answer to, dictating that it was therefore sinful for their subjects to resist them. Throughout Act 1:1-3, Shakespeare's audience is given countless reasons to think of Macbeth in a positive way, depicting him as the strong, heroic character, conveying to them all of his many laudable traits. This is firstly shown through how others act towards him and what people think of him. He is related to a ‘lion' and ‘eagle' by the captain showing he is thought of very highly and is respected. Confidence, fierceness and determination are all ‘lion' like qualities that are reflected in the character of Macbeth. This is proved when he heroically fights on in the battle as it continues. Secondly ‘noble Macbeth' questions the witches as he contemplates their prospects for him. He feels ‘to be King stands not within the prospect of belief' so will leave it to ‘chance' as he knows that sudden ambition is wrong. This declarative statement emphasises his refusal to act wrongly. Everyone values Macbeth and all believe he is an incredible fighter and to emphasise this, Shakespeare uses a simile to show it to be true ‘like valour's minion curved out his passage'. This portrays how Macbeth puts others before him and cares about them. Lastly you can see Macbeth's loyalty as he talks to the witches because he has potential and wants to be a leader but does not do anything about it; when he is told he will be of a higher status he is shocked and refuses to believe that it may come true. This shows that he is good because he doesn't want to do anything to the King but protect him conveying his patriotic traits. Macbeth however could also been seen as having a potential for evil in this scene. He is described as ‘valour's minion', this portrays him as a brave servant when he is a leader to many. This could also be seen as him being a vassal and that he is easily commanded highlighting his weaknesses challenging the idea of him soon to become King. During the battle he is also said to have ‘carved out his passage' showing a ruthless and angry side to his personality later in the play when he murders innocent subjects. This could be exploited by his easy susceptibility later in the play by people such as the witches or his wife towards evil. The fact that the witches are going to meet Macbeth could suggest he is evil, as the witches are deemed evil and meddlesome. Being around the witches' associates him with them and their evil doings, this is emphasised through their meeting place, ‘A desolate place' which is also lit by thunder and lightning. Because of its description it can be seen that they are almost removed from the rest of the world and disconnected from God and the rest of humanity, which only makes it more villainous for Macbeth to be there. The witches also prophesy that he shall become the thane of Cawdor; this is ironic because the previous thane was a traitor and tried to kill the king. This could suggest that Shakespeare is trying to make Macbeth fit the mould of the previous thane, which would make him evil as well. Lady Macbeth and her husband's strong relationship is built on how they treat each other. For example, in scene 7 Lady Macbeth finds her husband weak and pathetic when he is not doing as she wants. She is able to manipulate him as she is stronger minded and he is ‘too full o'th' milk of human kindness' which portrays his positive traits and her negative attitude. Lady Macbeth is not happy unless she is in control so in order to make sure she is she uses repetitive phrases such as, ‘wouldst thou' in scene 7, line 41 and again in line 42. This is effective because it shows her point clearly making the reader believe she's right as she does to Macbeth later. She wants to teach Macbeth evil so he becomes like her as she thinks he can be figured out too easily – ‘your face, my thane, is as a book where men may read strange matters'. Lady Macbeth's ‘ambition' is to ‘win' and nothing else. This is shown through the language she uses. Lady Macbeth thinks highly of determination and confidence but not only that, she won't settle until she has got what she wants which shows power. Lady Macbeth addresses her husband as ‘thou', this infers that she already has control over him. It makes it easier to persuade Macbeth because you can see who the dominant one in their relationship is from the language they use with each other. Shakespeare has expressed her passion and determination through alliteration: ‘Hie thee hither'; this sounds strong willed and powerful and gives her speech a scene of urgency as if she wants to get on with the murder and won't back down giving no choice but for Macbeth to agree with her. It also creates negative imagery as it sounds as if she is hissing, through the use of sibilance, which again relates her with evil. Lady Macbeth is shown to ‘chastise' Macbeth often showing how easily she can manipulate him. It also shows her superior nature and strength over her husband. To ensure that Macbeth follows through with their plan, Lady Macbeth wants to share her evil with him: ‘I may pour my spirits in thine ear' – she wishes to influence him so that he will be stronger as she believes she is superior to him. Shakespeare portrays Lady Macbeth as evil using the symbolic ‘raven' to do so. The ‘raven' doesn't only symbolise Lady Macbeth but also death and foreboding. This expresses her power and how she has managed to get her own way through her lies and deceit. When she says ‘the raven himself is hoarse' it symbolises Macbeth's weak nature and how he will give into her so they will not fail as Lady Macbeth thinks she is always right. To show Lady Macbeth's ambition her character uses many imperative statements: ‘unsex me here, from crown to the toe'. This also shows she is anything but willing to back down and she is very demanding by her forceful nature. Lady Macbeth wants to be seen as more masculine so results in asking the spirits to take away her femininity because she doesn't think she's string enough as a woman. This is also shown when she directs the spirits to ‘take (her) milk for gall' and ‘make thick (her) blood'; this ruthless attitude shows how much she wants it and how she'd do anything to get it again also showing how she believes she can beat nature. Her extreme evil attitude and her enthusiasm is shown through alliteration and superlative adjectives e. g ‘direst creulty'. When she uses the description of ‘murthring ministers' it emphasizes her passion and determination. Her ‘dark' vocabulary associates her with evil and the witches and creates negative imagery as the witches are connected to villainous things. The personification Shakespeare uses gives the impression of foul changes and how they are against nature: ‘Nor heaven peep through the blanket of the dark'. This verifies Lady Macbeth's evilness as she is putting herself in the opposition to all that is good: her husband, Heaven and God. This gives a strong affect as it emphasises and hints at his increasing change towards evil. Shakespeare also uses similes to show how Lady Macbeth is starting to control Macbeth more and more quickly. She orders him to ‘look like th' innocent flower, But be the serpent under't' which means hide your feelings and emotions so that he doesn't get caught when committing the ‘deed'. This is another imperative statement showing she dominates him. In many of the phrases that Shakespeare uses in his play, Macbeth can be interpreted in more than one way for example, ‘he that's coming must be provided for. ‘ This associates Lady Macbeth with the witches because it emphasises her control over Macbeth and how the witches have the same control over him. But it also connects her with darkness and the devil as she is preparing a feast but actually is planning on the death of the King. At this point Macbeth is starting to agree with his wife as she has manipulated him through her twisted words so that it sounds like the right thing to do. Macbeth's soliloquy is very powerful, at the beginning of scene 7, as he is debating whether to go through with the ‘assassination'. The scene in which this is performed represents his feelings. This is because the ‘torches' represent how he is not completely decided. They show how he's still half in darkness and half in light symbolising half in evil and half in good showing the darkness is slowly consuming him but hasn't yet. This can also be seen as the light symbolising of Duncan's life and how it is ending and later when the torches have gone out, he will be dead. The darkness also creates suspense and an eerie atmosphere leading to the unknown. Macbeth's loyalty and kindness is shown clearly in this part of the play to show he would go through with ‘the deed' if there were no ‘consequence's and it could ‘end all here'. Although as this is not what would happen then it would all be lead back to him and his reputation would be ruined. This shows the morality in how he feels uneasy about doing this and how he has be forced against his will and been persuaded into it. He shows fear and remorse by trying to talk himself out of their plan. Macbeth feels that he should be loyal towards the king as he has done no wrong towards himself and he has treated him well recently. Duncan is the guest so Macbeth should be protecting him not bringing harm or death to him. He also thinks Duncan is a good King so does not want to hurt him and as he is he's ‘kingman and subject' then he should be again protecting him against any other more obvious evil predators. Another way Macbeth's conscience is seen is when he is talking to his wife. He sounds very unsure and unwilling to go through with the murder. It is easily seen as he uses euphemisms to replace the words death and murder for example, ‘this business' or ‘taking off'. This shows he is uncomfortable with the task and he doesn't want to come to terms with it. He thinks he has no reason to do it and that he us too afraid to; there's no other reason but his ‘vaulting ambition'. This is shown through the language and vocabulary that Shakespeare has used. The ‘surcease, success' is emphasised through alliteration and sibilance, which again draws attention to how they have not failed with the murder yet. His use of personification is strong and bold: ‘tears shall drown the wind. ‘ This helps Macbeth persuade himself not to do it and shows he is valiant and trusting, as he wants to get out of the situation. Using a soliloquy to show this makes it more personal which emphasises his emotions; this then builds tension making the scene more intense for the audience. Despite how much loyalty Macbeth has and how much he doesn't want to perform the dreadful deed, Lady Macbeth is powerful enough to overrule his decision and persuade him to carry it out. Shakespeare uses many techniques, which makes her more dominant than Macbeth as she uses them to manipulate him. Firstly, Shakespeare uses rhetorical questions, one continuously after the other, which then makes Macbeth question himself through undermining him and patronising him: ‘Hath it slept since? ‘ This question leaves Macbeth finding himself without an answer leading him with no choice but to side with Macbeth. Another way that she does this is by attacking his masculinity and his soldier-like qualities using words like ‘green' and ‘pale'. She uses similes – ‘Like the poor cat i'th'a dage? – which makes his feel pathetic and like he has to do it because she is relating him to the poor cat in the old story. Her declarative statements about his manhood appeals to his self esteem and pride. She uses reverse psychology and tells him to ‘be so much more the man' which makes him want to prove himself and show that she is wrong. This is also shown when she compares him to herself because she conveys how ruthless she is when she describes how she would dash the brains out of a baby and how if she said she would do something then she would follow through with it making Macbeth feel cowardly and weaker then his wife. This is very important to his appearance because the social aspect in that time was thought that any man was suppose to overall a woman. Lady Macbeth persuades her husband by using influential adjectives such as, ‘dashed', ‘plucked' and ‘boneless'. This emotive language emphasises the harsh reality of her strength and creates clear imagery showing her passion, which then motivates Macbeth to go through with her plan. She also uses his weaknesses to get her own way and directs her orders to him personally. ‘Why did you leave the chamber? – she starts to distant herself to make the situation more serious and make Macbeth realise that she refuses to fail. The alliteration that is used emphasises her anger and passion towards this procedure. An example of this is ‘receipt of reason', this is very harsh sounding phrase so seems as if she's spitting out the words. Lastly she uses Macbeth's words against him by mirroring and questioning them. ‘We fail' – this makes her argument even stronger forcing him into agreeing with her. As she has an answer to everything he doubts he has no choice but to follow her in this devious arrangement. Although it appears that Lady Macbeth is the stronger of the two, the majority of the play is written in blank verse showing that Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are both equal to each other as their patterns of speech are the same. This could be interpreted that Lady Macbeth goes from weaker to stronger and then back to weaker again as she turns insane later in the play where as Macbeth still has his emotions throughout the play although they may start to slowly fade, like his conscience, as evil takes over him but this shows their equal status. Lady Macbeth uses manipulation and immorality to turn Macbeth's view around. This shows he is easily convinced as at the beginning of the play he was completely against her plot but then went through with it in the end anyway. In Act 2:1, Macbeth is portrayed as an evil ‘butcher' rather than heroic. He says ‘A heavy summon lies like lead upon me, And yet I would not sleep' showing that nature is defying his sleep even though he's exhausted. Banquo uncovers how the chain of being has been interrupted reasoned by no ‘husbandry in heaven'. This seems as if there are no stars like heaven is saving energy. Macbeth's evil increases throughout the play, which creates more and more evidence against him. In this scene he uses a lot of negative imagery inferring he's about to do wrong emphasising his evil. He talks about ‘witchcraft' and ‘Tarquin's ravishing strides' as if it's a good thing and he is comparing himself to him. In the part of Macbeth's soliloquy, he sees a dagger. This motivates him to go through with the murder although it is not known who is doing this to him whether it's him mind that is becoming more evil through Lady Macbeth's teachings or the witches or he's hallucinating because they have disturbed the Chain of Being. This makes it harder for Macbeth to refuse. He also uses lots of phrases like ‘That summons thee to Heaven, or to Hell' which is significant because it is associated to funerals and death. Although, at the beginning he was completely against this plan, he is now lying to Banquo his ‘friend' and still calls him a ‘friend' although he's now become an enemy so its is ironic because he is the opposite. He seems, as he is almost comfortable with deceit and the whole idea. This is also shown when he says ‘Hear it not, Duncan' showing that he is now determined and confident that Duncan will not find out. Macbeth purposefully distances himself from good as he feels nature is against him. He is in great ‘fear' that it will give his plan away and that people might hear him. This is also linked to the Chain of Being about how it has been unbalanced. The play shows how Macbeth's personality unravels throughout, descending into evil. The people around him and the power that they withhold lead to his downfall. Shakespeare infers that Lady Macbeth is partially to blame for Macbeth's behaviour. He depicts her character as manipulating and controlling over Macbeth leading to his actions of murder. On the other hand, Macbeth is portrayed as a weak and cowardly character by not being able to defend himself and what is right resulting in his demise. The Chain of Being is an important theme in this play especially towards the end as everyone believed in it strongly and some even believed that it could tell you what happened next. For example, at the end of the play it is suggested that Macbeth will die because he has gone against God and interrupted the cycle. Therefore Macbeth's rapid descend into evil and Lady Macbeth's wicked nature both played an equal part in his transformation from hero to villain.