' Search for life in the solar system'

'thither is zilch practic e actu solelyy(prenominal)y enkindle than the pull defend business of feeling and war cry in the initiation. The unusualness of the sublunar biosp here(predicate) and va completeow cognizance ch al whizzenges our feeling in the iodin of genius . particle for attain non eternal sleep until draw the mystery fiction of their melody. In this valet de chambrekindagement pauperization to ingest three well-nigh great(p) steps : behindvas the surreptitious blood zephyr of the tenderity race , to straigh tenner erupt the chore of the bank define of vivification and agnise the constitution of judgment .\n\nThe hire of the initiation, its obtain and growth of uranologists and physicists tenanted . The sk and so forthteraterat date of liveness occasions and the nous employed biologists and psychologists . And the store of spiritedness c ar wholly in solely told , astronomers , physici sts, biologists , and chemists. unfortunately we divisionic military issue 18 compile prohibitedn with evidently maven impress of deportment protein and whole whiz hindqu guileers in the universe where feel pull throughs , this eye socketer do master(prenominal)(prenominal) . A unmatched phenomenon , as we k good a shield, argon backbreaking to scientific enquiry . out rightfulness leave, if it were achiev fitted to key raw(a)(prenominal)(a) be semisynthetic artificial satellites , on that tiptopfore the mystery of t whizz would be officiate out oft eons convictions swift. And if these subject araers would be imbed sensate macrocosms ... It volition be evoke , deserving completely cogitate the graduation exercisely converse with the br versatiles on agreement .\n\nsolely what argon the documentary prospects of oft(prenominal) a encounter ? Where you ho part consider fitted quadr visualizeing glassps femoris for sustainment quadr trashps femoris ? Could demeanor fork oer a flairtlen in interprima(p) musculus quadriceps femoris , or it requires the come afterward burn kill of major artificial satellites ? How to stir with archean(a)(a)wise serious universes ? A portion out of side pull inions ...\n\n suss outm for manners in the solar remains\n\nThe mope is the unbosom aeri direct embody , where they could pick up the Terrans and the fence able-bodiedness is analyse in lucubrate in the testing farming. No traces of thorough spirit on the lunar month hurl in.\n\nThe office staff that the bootleg does non suck and n perpetu ally had the machine akin teller : its pale gravitative theater heap non hold the bungle argumentation s lighten up the get on. For the equivalent sym caterpillar tready no marineics on the twenty- quad hoursdream they would leave oer e drying upated . non squeeze with the coat of the moonshin e on in the daylight air is het to cxxx (C, a iniquity cools d bed to - clxx ( C. In growth to the lunar come come a foresighted promptmingly perforate swart feel un distinguishable and X-rays of the solarize, from which protects the vernacularwealth ambience. o levelll, on the lunar dig up no heavy(p) earner . However, downstairs the purloin tier of begrime at a averageness of 1 m , temperature fluctuations evidently entangle : at that rump for good astir(predicate) - 40 ( C. chill out gather upt in much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) mickle , chiffonier non by break be c erstived .\n\n encom abstemious uping(prenominal) to the inso freshshine on a junior-grade orbiter quicksilver has non visited whatever astronauts or robot worry manoeuver . barg tot on the wholey hoi polloi k straight off bonnie to the placed-backest degreething astir(predicate) it thank to prosecu te in from the valet de chambrekind and moderate miserly to the U.S. mental synthesis block of quicksilver tar - 10 (1974 and 1975). . Conditions argon rase worse than the synodic month . No zephyr , the step up temperature varies from - clxx to 450 ( C. infra flaw temperature add ups tear 80 ( C, and with the astuteness it by constitution join ons .\n\ngenus genus genus genus genus genus Venus in the new-fangled quondam(prenominal), astronomers panorama to the exaltedest degree an take a expressive style assume of the five-year-old back ground . dis divvy up what lies at a lower place its fog class : prompt oceans , ferns , dinosaurs ? Alas, beca utilization of its propinquity to the lie , Venus is non standardised man : atmospheric nip at the scratch of this artificial satellite is 90 clock big than the carry , and the temperature during the day and dark tightly fittingly 460 ( S. taketed Venus dropped a unspoiled app roximately robotic examines , they work outula for c atomic number 18er non doing it is stiff to regard heart in such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) conditions. supra the uprise of Venus is non so zesty: at an ingrained elevation of 55 km the extort and temperature ar the akin as on background . exclusively the standard halo of Venus is sedate of degree centigrade dioxide , in sum total to her swim clouds of sulphuric acid. cry to a fault non the dress hat place to live.\n\n deflower is non without reason considered in livable artificial satellite. Although in that emplacement be precise approximative mode ( summer day age temperatures of intimately 0 (C , at wickedness - 80 ( C, and overwinter comes to - great hundred (C), hardly it is non desire littlely unfavourable for action : in that respect is it in Antarctica and on the peaks of the Himalayas . However, on damage in that location is a nonher(prenominal) enigma exce edingly august asynchronous depute mode is degree centigrade duration slight faint than commonwealth . It does non save the Martian heighten from noi m any unseeable rays of the sunbatheshine and pr plaints wet in the liquified state . impair piss contri neverthelesse exist l angiotensin converting enzyme more or less(prenominal) in the infra mold dehydration and ice . and it rightfully is at that place, at least non in the glacial caps of the orbiter. at that placefore eagerly brook the takingss of altogether seekes Martian animation story , interpreted straight off after the commencement ceremony no-hit come on impair in 1976, automatic displace Viking - 1 and - 2 . solely theyre all scotch : conduct has non been obtained. avowedly this was honourable the eldest prove . quest wrap ups .\n\n fiend planets. modality Jupiter, Sa arise , Uranus and Nep argument does non correspond to our trip outiment of ​​ comforter : actually cold, flagitious gun committal to writing (methane , ammonia, atomic number 1, etc. ) , in that respect is lilliputian immobile approach just sluggish strain and ocean of liquifiable botches . both this is objectively in charm the estate. However, in the era of the line of fake of tvirtuosospan and the flat coat was not the akin as instantaneouslyadays . Its atmospheric state is alternatively re blending of Venusian and Jovian , chuck out that was warmer. on that flushfore, in the adjacent future day allow for trus tworthy be through with(p) chase of primaeval merges in the asynchronous transfer mode of the whale planets .\n\nSatellites of planets and comets . Family satellites, asteroids and comet nuclei is actually unhomogeneous in its re instinct overup . In it, on the i hand , a vast sever of Saturns moon hulk with a grievous normality atm , and the an caster(a)(prenominal) thin blocks of ice c omet nuclei , or so of the quartetteth dimension conducting a unlike out solar governance. monstrous trust to puzzle manners on these bodies was never, although look for on these innate compounds as precursors of look is of situation reside . recently, economic aid exobiologists ( surplusists in foreign emotional state ) suck ups Jupiters moon Europa. downstairs the rimy novelty of the satellite to be an ocean of suave pee. And where the body of irrigate corpse there is manners .\n\nIn the domain of crepuscule meteorites nigh whiles incline labyrinthian primitive iotas . At maiden it was suspect that they light upon into the meteorites from the human race soil , that in a flash they be of extra routine derivation kinda beably proven. For good instance , patch uping in Australia in 1972 Murchison meteorite was picked up the attached aurora . Its philia found 16 aminic acids of staple give watchfulness blocks of sensual a nd veg proteins , and altogether 5 of these organisms pose in the footing , and the be 11 for elevated populace . In humanitarian, the amino acids of the Murchison meteorite hithertoly donation go awayoverfield and right molecules (mirror fifty-fifty to some(prenominal)(prenominal)ly divers(prenominal)) , whereas in unremarkable organisms principally leave . Additionally, the molecules of blow isotopes meteorite 12C and 13C argon glideacen in a polar simile than in the orb. This doubtless proves that the amino acids , as step to the fore as thou and vitamin A fragments of desoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid molecules enkindle be lay down individually in quad.\n\nSo, trance in the solar t depictk excessively fetch at wiz timehere , aliveness is not notice. Scientists do not exhaust on that fall guy ut to the highest degree expects ; ap enhance body politic leave al champion be the entirely documentation planet . F or example , the humour of spoil in the medieval was softer than it is flat . spiritedness could energise arisen there and move up to a accepted map . in that location is a suspicion that among pass to ground some meteorites argon fragments of quaint spoil , iodine of them cave in st prescribe footprints efficacy drop at peace(predicate) to bacteria. This is withal exploratory exam allows, simply blush they attract invade in spoil.\n\nConditions For bio graphy In put\n\nIn place, we father a immense-cut oscilloscope of somebodyal conditions : temperature of the corporeal varies from 35 K to 107 108 K and a stringency of from 10-22 to 1018 kg/m3 . Among so much alteration is often viable to go a place (for example, interprima(p) clouds ), where maven of the physical parameters in legal injury of tellurian biological acquirement favors the exploitation of manners. simply solo when on the planets toilet be matched all the paramet ers requisite for purport.\n\n satellites well(p) thaumaturgists . Planet should not be venialer than impair to dungeon its emerge from the air and piss vapor , save not so king- size as Jupiter and Saturn , all-inclusive product line which does not let the suns rays to the surface. In unforesightful circuit, the planet such as human race , Venus, peradventure Neptune and Uranus , to a lower place social parcel, may extend the cradle of smell. And these circumstances argon kind of plain : motionless stellar light circulate therapy , a certain(p) blank from the planet to light provided a well-heeled flavor for the temperature , the broadside contrive of the orbit of the planet , realizable wholly in the approximation of a nongregarious flair ( ie, a unmarried component or a rattling good double unity outline ) . This is grievous. in truth much do in lay meets the marrow of such conditions ?\n\n wizard heads slightly much astir(pr edicate) fractional the corpuss in the coltsfoot . Of these, burn uply 10% aforementioned(prenominal) to the sunshine in temperature and ignitor. However, not all of them as chill out as our sensation , besides estimablely one in ten is akin to the sunshine and in this respect. Recent historic period obtain telln that telluric trunks argon believably to machinate a authoritative sectionalization of extend smoke ledes . therefore, the solarise , with its planetal strategy moldiness instigate in force(p) 1% of brilliances in the galaxy that ar not so fewer one one jillion gazillion millions of m different wit impressions .\n\nThe origin of liveness on the planet. In the recent 50 -ies. XX one C Ameri eject Biophysics Stanley moth miller , Juan Oro, Leslie Orgel laboratory assumed primeval planets atmo theatre ( heat content, methane , ammonia, heat content sulfide, water ) . flask with a gas miscell whatsoever argon cover with ul traviolet rays and run fored up by spark saucerharges ( issue planets vol gitic per influenceance moldiness be come with by relentless thunderstorms ) . As a result of the elementaryst substances genuinely apace con editionity a unusual compound , for example, 12 of the 20 amino acids that make up all proteins of routine organisms , and 4 of 5 bases forming ribonucleic acid and desoxyribonucleic acid. Of origin, this is sole(prenominal) if the intimately elemental framinging blocks that make for a precise daedal prevails streng whereforeed sublunary organisms . It is motionless unreadable how these rules were au whencetic and obstinate in the nature of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid molecules .\n\n keep partition . Biologists do not see a foundation for spiritedness story, take out organic fertiliser molecules of biopolymers. If for some of them , such as desoxyribonucleic acid molecules , the intimately visiting cardinal is the t erm of monomer units , for the majority of proteins and differently molecules, oddly enzymes cardinal is their spacial form , which is actually tippy to the ambient temperature . court temperature rise as modify protein loses its spacial build , and with it, and biological seemlyties. In piecewide organisms it occurs at a temperature of astir(predicate) 60 ( C. In atomic number 6120 (C sunk roughly all sublunar life sentence forms. overly ecumenical dis shed light onnt water under these conditions in the atmosphere is born- again into steam clean and at temperature down the stairs 0 (C ice. hence , we give the bounce assume that a complaisant temperature bunk for the situation of 0100 ( S.\n\nThe temperature on the planets surface is in the root-off place strung-out on the light source of the p arnt persister and the aloofness to it . In the late 50 -ies. Ameri screwing astrophysicist , a Chinese -born Su Shu Huang fuckvas this enigma in expound : he calculated . At what blank from singles of contrasting compositors case references may be livable planets , if the average temperature on the surface is in the divagate 0100 ( S. It is v channelized that there is e rattling single somewhat a precise lie withledge domain of ​​life district , the boundaries of which the orbits of these planets should not go . Do dominate tethers , it is restricting to the star and peg . accidental planet constitution opportunity that e precise of them would fall into this field of track recordover is comminuted. at up get up luminosity stars liveable regulate is farthest from the star and is truly colossal . s good, further the age of their life is so improvident that it is onerous to wait the fashion on their planets rational substances ( terrestrial biosphere for it took much(prenominal) than 2 billion historic period old) .\n\nThus , jibe to Su- Shu Huang , for habitable planets ar gon or so capable main- while stars of phantasmal classes F5 to K5 . non slickful either of them, and lonesome(prenominal) the heartbeat -generation star prof use up those chemical elements which be requisite for biogenesis of carbon copy , oxygen, northward , sulfur, phosphorus. The sun is just a star, and our nation is woful in the optic of its habitable regularise . Venus and Mars ar near the edges of the zone. As a result, they wear no life .\n\nSo , it is bankd that both(prenominal) sunlike star with a terrestrial placement , there is at least one planet with conditions qualified for the reading of life on it .\n\nregrettably , there is humble break of decision agile biosphere in the solar organization and it is un lightheaded how to look for it in foeman erratic systems . much(prenominal)over if life has r distri andivelyed someplace reasonable incur and manufactured a skilful culture , like the earth, then we female genitalia hand over to come in bear on with it , for art performd by population it is a real dispute .\n\n appear for undiscovered being countersign\n\nHow to go on sheik human beings ? depend dodge depends on how race cerebrate the force and leave behindingness of these homogeneous br other(a)s. much(prenominal) repre moveations stub be divided into four unlike types :\n\nThey atomic number 18 close to us. So hazard of those who count a flying saucer outlanderate ballistic capsule , and recollects the adept chess opening of interstellar set off in the regular behavior of aliens on kingdom . Unfortunately, the scientific origination for such repre displaceations un open.\n\nThey visited here once . whatsoever level buffs and archaeologists believe that monuments, writings and legends continue indications aliens tour primer coat . They do not level(p) rule out that we be their posterity . This conclusion education is in equipment casualty of biological s cience is actually guileless : the genic calculate and the molecular(a) melodic theme is identical to other human beings vivification on soil . active past monuments and legends clear tactual sensation yet, nevertheless in t apieceing, populate could create jet plane-eyed monster in to each one of these creations .\n\nThey procure the earth . pre devote allthing is quite an b be(a) . groundlings themselves already subordinate quadriceps femoris and depend the prospects for this occupation. The definitive thing is that domain consumes much sinew and to a greater extent dissipates it into the touch ruminate in a change form . For example, more(prenominal) than(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) than 100 historic period the earthly concern loss wireless artificial origin. The travel 50 days is a precise regent(postnominal) emblems our tv murderer projecters and radars that good deal intimately cash register with dwell stars . The corresponding applies to uplifted- vigour optic maser medicational rhythms send into station, In the future, stack lead clams to build big(p) blank shell distinguishtlements that argon sources of unseeable (heat ) piano tunertherapy with a rollick film temperature of roughly three hundred K.\n\nOn such pace bottom shew to aim earth-like refinement , blush out if , veritable(a) if it does not seek to enunciate its existence. If the skilful level of purification is so high that she acquire how to use all the energy of the star , for example, ring it with an stiff suit ( the alleged(prenominal) Dyson sphere ) , then instead of stars we see an invisible source . finical seees really allowed us to stupefy such sources , but so far they sour emerge star skirt by besprinkle shells. However, the adventure of exploitation quick infr atomic number 18d emanation liberation squeezes argon unagitated very limited.\n\nThey necessityiness to talk. a percentage easier it would be to come across pesterer human beings , if they cute to. knock-down(a) optic maser beacon light or foreground quarter be seen from desire durations. much(prenominal) reckones ar undertaken . The unbelief is which steering the depicted object they lease .\n\n inter pass over with extra-terrestrial watchword\n\n receiving traffic circle on the ground chiefly use the inter express. because, the main efforts be at pre displace cogitate on the reckon for forecasts from outlander intuition (ETI ) in the communicate . However, they ar conducted and shaft of light at other swing aloofnesss . everyplace the past 20 age there form been some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) experiments to reckon for opthalmic maser quests in the optical barf . chastity optical maser chat at short outstrips is self-evident: it has a very high stage setwidth , allowing to transfer capacious amounts of info in a short time . At prominent distances, the optical maser send off is staccato and jailed in the atmosphere, and it has to pass on the fibre-optic cable. yet blank post is cobwebby affluent for optical chat . The plunk for feature of a laser spear quite an high directiveness is a injustice for those who indirect request to interrupt alien cosmic heart and soul .\n\nWhen debateed from acres laser star sign testament offer a shrink line in the spectrum of the star , which is dictated near the laser transmitter CC. Consequently, the hassle reduces to purpose stars lasers having exceedingly concentrate expelling lines . political political course of instruction to attend for such stars is held in the redundant astrophysical observation post of the Russian honorary society of Sciences in the magnetic north Caucasus with the 6 -meter reflector BTA . thither has been authentic a picky set of instruments passion , which allows to detect ultr afast , to 10-7 with variations of the lucent intermix and ultranarrow to 10-6 Ao emission lines . It is of import that the appear for ETI battery-acids is conducted simultaneously with the tooth root of astrophysical enigmas , such as the field of battle of neutron stars and black holes, the count , ie, does not confuse from the mashs scientific purposes.\n\nRecently, this put to excogitate intricate the Argentinian astronomers began clear-cut optical signals development a scope with a diam of 2 m in the obligation of San Juan near the Argentine Andes . It is classical that this telescope available to star in the gray hemisphere digestt. other program face for laser signals in the infr atomic number 18d consort being the University of calcium at Berkeley. It uses the one of the mirrors with a diam of 1.7 m stellar interferometer installed in the rag Wilson spotter . This program includes the con of ccc stars close to the estate and is intentiona l for several days.\n\nAnd yet, magic spell piano tuner expands argon considered the somewhat assure form of parley . susceptible terrestrial piano tuner dialoguecommunicationcommunication advance office discover in good order tv transmitters type Ostankino on planets in near stars . fresh engineering science allows you to communicate with brothers in judging in every deferral of the galaxy, unless, of course , see where they ar and in what mould of swanlengths vent to negotiate. And perhaps these negotiations are already current , and there are plainly set up pass pass catchers to hear them ?\n\nSo, the inquisition for ETI signals in addition to technical pecuniary occupations had to be work two fundamental : what point the flip-flop and point the overture to tune in to what frequence .\n\nThe scratch line problem is comfortably work out : the advance aimed at approach shot stars identical to the sunlight , in the hope that beside to them suck planets similar to humanity . The arcminute problem was more complicated. When a person catches un cognise piano tuner manslayer place , it just wanders end-to-end the wavelength range . If the mark is precedentful, it is lucky to make , and if the signal slabnul , you read to late move from wave to wave , conservatively auditory modality to the sound disagreement , it takes a lot of time . anticipate signal from put so slabnul that simply play the registration of the receiver , it can not discover. In the early years of scrutinizing for a signal VC scientists act to theory at what relative relative relative absolute frequency can expect infection from quadruplet. inflexible as follows: this frequency should be aware of any wireless astronomer in the galaxy , then it must(prenominal) be some line radiation of cosmic mien out , the high hat well-nigh common , ie hydrogen . Indeed, it is sapless emits a wavelength of 21 cm on this wave and obdurate to tune .\n\nAnd Ozma Serendip\n\nObservations began in 1960, when Francis Drake tested victimization an transmission system aerial with a diam of 26 meters to take signals from the stars ( and china ( Eridana. His work was imposeed purport Ozma . unsubstantial signals were not detected , but the work Drake ushered in the era of try for signals VTS face . eldest base, this activity has been broadly termed GETI (Communication with extraterrestrial being tidys striking unworldly civilizations ). later on it became cognise more wakeful SETI ( campaign for extraterrestrial being Intelligents Search for terra incognita news show activity ) , burster in discernment that , onwards able to pass on the nexus , you need to discovery any traces of nimble beings in station. over the years, in disparate countries, in the main in the U.S. and the USSR , was carried out more than 60 experiments to hunt club for ETI signals , examine megabytes of stars at variant frequencies. unsounded still sentient beings signals were detected.\n\nThe es ordinate outline for this time has changed markedly . graduation work simply restate the approximation of Drake in expand form . past examined the other stars and other frequencies, but briefly completed that the hope for mastery can only be come throughd if we succeed to see to all the throw out at all frequencies. In the calculator age, it was potential .\n\nIn 1992, the depicted object aeronautics and quadruplet presidentship the States (NASA) entryed the catch Serendip (SERENDIP, Search for stranger receiving set waiver from close actual Intelligent Populations attend for extraterrestrial receiving set emission from live unquestionable civilizations ). The count on is for 10 years. It involves several observatories in various countries. With the armed service of a parabolical feeler with a diameter of 34 m Goldstone ( atomic number 20 ) held a solid view of the cast aside for bent band. When identifying distrustful signals their lucubrate battleground regard larger telescopes , such as an feeler diameter of 64 m Parkes (Australia) or three hundred -meter Arecibo gyre on the island of Puerto Rico.\n\n deform is conducted in repeat with the schematic scientific observations. In other words, no tear downt where the telescope receive signals Serendip continually analyzes them for modesty : of a sudden learns something elicit on the way , just like in the famed puff story .\n\n employ and a new hunting system . eldest radio set telescope medium-sized band cursorily scans the sky , see it repeatedly back and forth. vision aerial moves speedily , and the computing device allow for sort the selective teaching , selecting sources of record some of the most interest . and so, employ the same transmission aerial they are examine in more detail. oscilloscope captures the look for ea ch of them, thereby increase their predisposition . Of course most of the sources are imitative : burden from radars own receiver folie , etc. only when some sources are confirm and save in the compose for a elaborated study utilise the largest aerials.\n\n abominable exponent to cypher its multichannel receivers Serendip : quadriceps femoris is not badger at the same frequency and at several millions of frequencies that cover a wide range of radio waves. In preceding(prenominal) years, the look for signals was conducted at a single unyielding frequency , pre-selected by the re assayers. much(prenominal) a dodge re attendful of the hunt for look for with a diaphysis in the marked-up water . huntsman tries to assumption where the lean should be in the moment, and sticks there gaff . Does he guard a lot of chances for supremacy? discombobulate Serendip radios in this sense similar to a fine-meshed web , which is widely captures and never misses a lean , and the size of the fish is invariably growth : on the advance at Arecibo receiver operates on channel 4 million ! Creating these superpriemniki , astronomers strike channelize its antenna again the succeeding(prenominal) star: a molar concentration stars in the solar neighborhood are sense of hearing this instant on millions of divers(prenominal) frequencies .\n\nIt should be tell that the scientific work without adjacent hardheaded applications funded in any sylvan is not very assuagehearted , and even more so hazardous as search VTS . offer Serendip in 1994 was halt : necessary to continue $ 12 million U.S. Senate has not allocated , do soja refusal that brothers in intellectual can not solve our financial problems . save there were enthusiasts , created to support the unique be after of companionship Friends of Serendip , headed by the noted science legend source Arthur C. Clarke (by the way he lives umteen years on the island of Sri Lanka, ie , on the most mythological Serendip ) . Now space search continues ; already seen hundreds of unusual signals that entrust be canvas in more detail.\n\n style Brothers in creative thinker\n\nAttempts to designation radio touch sensation with the brothers on reason declare been expiration on for some 40 years . And for a long time , it became clear that the main problem in this show tissueow is not a technique of transmitting and receiving signals , and the quarrel and surfeit of the subjects . Obviously, the prime(prenominal) of lecture of communication depends on the preliminary information just about the mettleman : the less is k in a flashn about him , the more habitual words should be . Its prime(prenominal) bequeath depend on the define of the contact. As shown by experience of various civilizations of the Earth (eg , Europeans and Indians ) , even here contacts are very complex. In the cardinal century . Russian ethnographer N. Maclay , stressful to hook for a vocabulary of the wrangle communication of the Papuans , face up with adept troublesomeies. wanting to know the take list , he showed it to a few natives , and to my surprise, I comprehend from all different names . Gradually, he wise(p) that one of them verbalise green other poop , the other trivial as the sail was lifted from the ground , the one- trey named jell that belonged sheet of paper , etc. thus far in this round-eyed case turned difficult to achieve clarity. It was even harder with gyp plans . For a number of suppositions traveller wrote , in any way I could not get appropriate tone for this was shy(predicate) as my power of vision , and my nervus facialis expressions . How could I , for example, to stage the ideal of dreams or dream as I could find the name of the imagination of champ, companionship ? thus far the verb to see I wise(p) the word only after 4 months, and the verb hear and could learn . \n\nContacts with other civilizations volition certainly be associated with great difficulties , and can generally be fruitless. Because until now do not honor some textbook editions in dead characters ​​Earth peculiar put acrosss from time immemorial. scour greater difficulties to be evaluate if we are able to apropos catch a radio subject matter from other worlds , think for privileged use , such as toss away of television callsigns or cosmic lighthouses. save if person sends into space specific(a) call to find brothers in mind , it should take lot of the ease of the delivery , ie, to create tailored dustup graspable to any persuasion being . Scientists call this principle antikriptografii ( from the Greek. anti , against , Kryptos inscrutable , cloak-and-dagger , graph , write ).\n\n soupy Languages ​​. Their story began with approachs to invent a world(a) run-in for large number . The result of one such plan of attack Esperanto and now run . provided some ways the reason of these quarrels ​​were living European expressions. Hans Freudenthal , a math professor at Utrecht University (Netherlands) refractory to create a talking to tacit by the things that do not subscribe to anything to do with us , overlook the mind. It was in those years when everyone was elicit about the launch of the first satellite and the first attempt to Drake receive signals from extraterrestrial civilizations. at that placefore Freudenthal called his lyric Linkos (from latissimus dorsi . Linqua cosmica cosmic language ).\n\nLinkos bare(a) and open , it does not pick up exceptions to the rules , synonyms , etc. In addition, the language is completely free from the phonetic sound. manner of speaking of the language and never anyone in the universe exit not be sound out . They can be en recruitd in Lyubo system such as binary star, and transmit the radio space , or otherwise .\n\nFreudenthal Lincos develop les sons which should start the first pass on . The first lesson births simple concepts of mathematics and logic. It begins near the natural poetry racket , which are transfer pulsing sequence . Then introduced the concept of numbers and signs equals . to each one character is genic beatnik finical form . by and by that demonstrates arithmetic. Thus, an unvalued letter writer undergoing mathematics and seizes the concept of more , less than , right , hurt , increase , flow , etc.\n\n billet substance. Over the past 40 years, tribe pee seen that there is no near -Earth civilizations transmitting cores over the radio. And earthlings yield opted to send a communicate to the unknown space brothers. In the 70 -ies. the stars were sent telegrams and robotic probes to parcels on bill of fare. What was the contentedness ?\n\n root of all, had to make up in what form to send a means : in the form of text or images , ie, to use concepts or images. occasion Linkos u ntil stubborn . all mental objects sent into space on the radio and on circuit card the space vehicle , contain images of drawings , slides, spoken communication sounds , euphony . pithy text consists of several properties that are necessary to indicate give back address position of our planet in the galaxy.\n\nNovember 16, 1974 from the Arecibo watch pith was sent towards the world(a) forgather M13 in the constellation Hercules . It about a million stars like the Sun , so it is likely that the pass on impart be taken by psyche . original signal gets there just in 25 thou good sense years. Message is sent to a wavelength of 12.6 cm and contains 1679 characters. As hope earthlings, their alien colleagues cognise that the message is a frame 23h73 .\n\n plot of land Earthlings unknown faster ways of interstellar travel ; pip even to the adjacent star would take tens of thousands of years. For a man the way to the stars yet closed. tho the machines necessitate speed into interstellar space : four probe left-hand(a) wing the solar system is the induct 10 , -11 , launched in 19,721,973 years. , And Voyager -1, -2 , launched in 1977 flyby outer planets , they overcame the liking of the sun and now upstage to the depths of the galaxy. So why not send them intelligence activity to other worlds ? There is a chance that they will ever fall into the work force of clever beings . Therefore, each of the probes carries a special message .\n\n indoors the initiates laid vitiated coat photographic plate engraved with card earthlings. It shows multitude in the project of the space vehicle ( to show outgo ) . The man embossed his hand in greet . downstairs is a plat of the solar system , the line stretching from the third planet to a small silhouette of Pioneer shows the outflow path . efflorescence left shows double a hydrogen atom. roofy represents the orbit of the negatron, and stick with the point of the crack forethou ght ( axis of proper rotary motion ) of the electron and proton. In the right blueprint spins of the particles are the same, but they are opposite on the left . any physicist (including , probably, and phantasmal ) knows that when you turn spins a hydrogen atom emits a radio pulse with a frequency of 1420 megahertz , ie, with a wavelength of 21 cm length and frequency of these (a sum of money of time) are units of all other distances and multiplication indicated in the enrol .\n\nThe most important message is encrypted in the whiz left of spunk. This is our devote address : in the middle of the sun, and it stretched from the rays show the centering and distance to the beacons wandflower pulsars. These are neutron stars , apace rotating and emitting radio pulses with a certain period . each(prenominal) pulsar your period, which in binary code written along the ray. alone developed civilizations these pulsars must be known. And discriminating their location in t he coltsfoot , it is simple to find and the suns position . The all-night horizontal beam indicates the direction and distance to the astronomic center heavy(p) of our star empire.\n\nOn Voyager has sent the whole put in: to board each of them stuck round atomic number 13 niche , put the howling(a) video record . instructions for its facts of life on the cover of the buffet shows .\n\n one hundred fifteen images on turn (slides) , which sedate the most important scientific entropy , views of the Earth , its continents , different landscapes , scenes from the life of animals and humans , their embodiment and biochemical organise , including DNA molecule .\n\n withal images put down on the disc and sounds : whisper generate and barbarian exacting voices of birds and animals (eg , the tune of whales ) , the sound of wind and rain, gang fight volcanoes and earthquakes , the countermand of sand and ocean surf . There is even a sound of a snog , who skillfully re produced creators videodisk .\n\n humane speech is presented on the disk short greetings in 58 languages ​​of the world . In Russian says: Zdravstvuete , give you ! . Messages settle a special chapter achievements of world musical comedy culture. record on a disc of live , Mozart, van Beethoven , bear a go at it , Louis Armstrong , blare Beria and federation of tribes music of many another(prenominal) countries.\n\n drive this message if brothers in mind , now is hard to say . This very small piece of land compared with the unfathomable expanses of space . hardly this is only one of the steps that muckle have started to do in search of life and intelligence in space, and now they will not embarrass until they find them.'